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Pongamia (Millettia pinnata) has been widely studied as a potential feedstock for biodiesel fuel, though little is known about its feasibility at a commercial level. Capital budgeting and cash flow analysis was conducted for a potential Pongamia plantation and crushing plant in Queensland, Australia. For annual seed yields ranging from 20 to 80 kg (in shell) per tree, the delivered cost of Pongamia oil was estimated to be between AUD $2.22 and AUD $0.64 per litre. The seed yield range of 20 to 80 kg per tree is roughly equivalent to between 7 and 29 t per hectare at a planting density of 357 trees per hectare. Major components of the delivered cost of (Pongamia) oil are the capital expenses of land acquisition, plantation establishment and the crushing plant construction. The major operational costs include mechanical harvesting; fertiliser; control of weed, pests and diseases; seed crushing; and freight of oil to a refinery. The cost items with the greatest volume sensitivity are the capital expenses, overheads (consisting mostly of salaries and wages of employees) and the expenses associated with harvesting and crushing operations. These costs could be significantly reduced if the seed yield could be increased. Several scenarios were tested to demonstrate the effect of seed yield and oil price on the profitability and cash flow of the Pongamia enterprise. At most plausible oil prices and seed yields, Pongamia oil is not expected to be economically viable.

Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi is a potential legume tree that produces seed oil for biodiesel feedstock. The initial step for raising a large-scale plantation of the species is selection of high oil yielding trees from the natural habitat. This is followed by vegetative propagation of the selected trees and then testing the growth of the clone in the field.The aim of the present study was to select high-oil yielding trees of M. pinnata, to propagate the selected trees by budding and to evaluate the survival and growth of budded plants in the field. Pods were collected from 30 trees in Lovina Beach, Buleleng Regency, Bali. Oil was extracted from seeds using soxhlet with hexane as a solvent. The high oil yielding trees were propagated by budding using root stocks grown from M. pinnata seeds. Scions were taken from young branches of selected trees. Incision was made on rootstock and the same size of cut was made on a scion containing a single bud. The scion was inserted to the incision of rootstock then closed tightly using plastic strips. The plastic was removed when the scion grew into a little green shoot. One month after plastic removal, the scion union grew into a single shoot and then the budded plants were removed to polybags. Budded plants were planted in the field of Bukit Jimbaran, Badung Regency, Bali with 4 × 4 spacing. Results showed all budded plants successfully grow new shoots. Two months after planting the survival of budded plants was 100%. Plant height increased by 22.13 cm, stem diameter increased by 2.43 mm and the number of compound leaf increased by 2.08. It can be concluded that four high oil yielding trees were selected from Lovina Beach and successfully propagated by budding. Survival of budded plants was 100% with vigorous growth.

Arpiwi NL, Wahyuni IGAS, Muksin IK, Sutomo. 2018. Conservation and selection of plus trees of Pongamia pinnata in Bali,Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1607-1614. Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre or commonly known as pongamia is a tropical legume treeproduces oil seeds for biodiesel feedstock. The aims of present study were mapping growth sites of pongamia in Bali, counting thenumber of trees and selecting plus trees based on growth parameters such as total height, clear bole height, diameter at breast height,canopy width, and oil content. Method of plus tree selection was comparison tree where one candidate tree was compared with 5 nearbycheck trees from each village. A total of 126 pongamia trees were found in coastal beach of Bali. The majority of trees were in the northwest of the island. Temperature ranges from 26-28oC, humidity ranges from 74-80% and altitude 5-50 meters above sea level. Eightpongamia plus trees were selected from 4 villages namely Kalibukbuk, Pengulon, Pemogan, and Sanur. In conclusion, pongamia wasmostly distributed in the northern-west part of the Bali Island of Buleleng District. Lower number of trees was also found in the southernand western part of the island. Trees either scattered or grown in small groups. The number of pongamia tree in Bali is small and thisneeds further action for conserving the species.

Serum merupakan produk cairan sedikit kental yang diaplikasikan pada kulit wajah. Penggunaan serum di kalangan wanita sudah banyak diminati bahkan menjadi salah satu perawatan rutin. Seiring berkembangnya zaman, kini banyak orang yang tidak bertanggungjawab dalam menjual produk serum. Kandungan serum diproduksi dengan bahan kimia yang tidak sesuai dosis atau pun menambahkan bahan aktif yang dapat memicu terjadinya masalah kulit. Beberapa masalah kulit yang timbul yaitu bintik-bintik hitam, garis-garis halus dan penuaan. Mengurangi dampak masalah kulit tersebut, maka dilakukan pembuatan serum berbasis “back to nature” yang mengutamakan bahan herbal sebagai salah satu alternatif formulasi serum yang aman. Salah satu bahan alternatif tersebut yaitu buah malaka (Phyllanthus emblica). Buah malaka dipercaya memiliki kandungan antioksidan yang tinggi sehingga dapat memperlambat penuaan dan dijadikan bahan serum untuk anti aging. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian yaitu dengan uji DPPH dan uji fitokimia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak buah malaka tergolong antioksidan kuat dengan nilai aktivitas antioksidan 143,557%, nilai IC50 sebesar 38,649 ppm, flavonoid sebesar 4,6123%, tanin sebesar 112,21%, vitamin C 27,0625%, aktivitas antioksidan serum F1 0,0008%, F2 0,0121% dan F3 0,0103%. Uji viskositas menunjukkan nilai 15.000 mPars, pH pada serum F1 yaitu 4,79; F2 5,00; F3 5,75. Uji homogenitas serum menunjukkan kehomogenan yang baik dan uji hedonik terhadap 3 sampel serum (F1, F2 dan F3) dengan 30 probandus. Hasil yang paling optimal yaitu serum F3 dengan konsentrasi 1,5 %.

Abstract. Arpiwi NL, Muksin IK, Kartini NL. 2020. Essential oil from Cymbopogon nardus and repellant activity against Aedes aegypti. Biodiversitas 21: 3873-3878. Cymbopogon nardus (L.) Rendle is an aromatic grass from the Poaceae family that produces essential oil mainly in the leaves. The essential oil from C. nardus is known as citronella oil has repellent activity. This research aimed to quantify the oil content of C. nardus leaves, to analyze the essential oil quality, to analyze the repellent activity of lotion with different concentrations of citronella oil against Aedes aegypti, and to examine the quality of formulated lotions. The oil was extracted from leaves using steam distillation, and the quality was examined according to the Indonesian National Standard. The citronella oil was formulated into a lotion with five concentrations (0, 2, 3, 4, 5% w/w). Repellent activity of the lotions against Ae. aegypti was tested using screened cage test method under laboratory conditions. Lotion quality was analyzed for pH, viscosity, homogeneity, and sensorial assessments. The result showed that the oil yield of C. nardus leaves was 0.9% w/w. The color of the oil was pale yellow, specific weight was 0.8819, the refraction index was 1.464, total geraniol was 72.71%, citronellal content was 49.14%, and solubility in 80% alcohol 1:2 was clear. The repellent activity of lotions with citronella oil was concentration-dependent, where a concentration of 5% gave the highest protection. The quality of formulated lotions met the standard and the lotions were nonirritant.