There was little difference in the costs of an outpatient visit across the hospitals, but the costs of an operation and an inpatient day varied considerably. In terms of cost structure, personnel costs accounted for the highest share of total cost of the clinical services. The shares of operating cost were considerable while depreciation of buildings/equipments made up a small "proportion". The study results revealed that the user fee levels were much lower than the actual costs of providing the corresponding services. The present study highlights the importance of costing data for hospital planning and management.

Background Acinetobacter baumannii is an important nosocomial pathogen that can develop multidrug resistance. In this study, we characterized the genome of the A. baumannii strain DMS06669 (isolated from the sputum of a male patient with hospital-acquired pneumonia) and focused on identification of genes relevant to antibiotic resistance.MethodsWhole genome analysis of A. baumannii DMS06669 from hospital-acquired pneumonia patients included de novo assembly; gene prediction; functional annotation to public databases; phylogenetics tree construction and antibiotics genes identification.ResultsAfter sequencing the A. baumannii DMS06669 genome and performing quality control, de novo genome assembly was carried out, producing 24 scaffolds. Public databases were used for gene prediction and functional annotation to construct a phylogenetic tree of the DMS06669 strain with 21 other A. baumannii strains. A total of 18 possible antibiotic resistance genes, conferring resistance to eight distinct classes of antibiotics, were identified. Eight of these genes have not previously been reported to occur in A. baumannii.ConclusionsOur results provide important information regarding mechanisms that may contribute to antibiotic resistance in the DMS06669 strain, and have implications for treatment of patients infected with A. baumannii. Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (10.1186/s12941-017-0250-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Vietnam has more than 6 million persons with disabilities (PWD), or 7.8% of the population. To provide better services for them, it is important to investigate the care they currently receive, and to obtain evidence on the health outcomes from that care. This study aimed to estimate the quality of life and functional status of a group of PWD in Vietnam and the cost of care they receive. This was an analytical study exploring the time and cost of informal care, the cost of illness (prevalence-based, patient perspective), quality of life using EuroQoL and functional status using the Barthel Index. The sample was selected from urban and rural areas of Quang Tri province in Central Vietnam, using systematic random sampling. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews, and in a 1-month diary recorded during July-August 2010 for summer and in December 2010 for winter. The costs are presented in 2010 USD values. The data were analysed by descriptive, univariate and multivariate statistics to summarise and explore the relationships among dependent and independent variables. The study sample included 210 PWD, with an average age of 38 years and duration of disability on average 26 years. The health-related quality of life measured in terms of the health utility score (0 = death, 1 = full health) was on average 0.44 and 0.39 in summer and winter respectively. The total cost of illness per year per case was USD 971 (83% of gross domestic product per capita); explanatory variables were the age of the PWD, receiving community-based rehabilitation, receiving government support and the severity of the disability. This illustrates the importance of services and support for reduction of the economic burden on the family. In conclusion, the results of this study provide information on the burden caused by disabilities in rural and urban households in Vietnam.

Health and catastrophic expenditures were substantially lower than in previous studies, although different methods may explain some of the discrepancy. The 20% copayments required by social health insurance would present a financial burden to an additional 0.6% to 5.1% of ART patients. Ensuring access to health insurance for all ART patients will prevent an even higher level of financial hardship.

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A clinical trial of measles and rubella combined vaccine (MR: MRVAC) produced by POLYVAC was conducted in Vietnam in 2016. A total of 756 subjects were enrolled, and 504 were allocated to MRVAC and 252 to control MR vaccine groups. Paired sera were obtained in 733, and the number of subjects was 403 aged 1 -2 years, 164 aged 2 -18 years, and 166 aged 18 -45 years. Antibodies against measles and rubella viruses were evaluated by EIA. Most subjects had been immunized with a single dose of Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) measles vaccine at 9 months of age. Only 41 of 403 subjects aged 1 -2 years were negative for measles antibody before vaccination, and all became seroconverted. A serological response of more than a 2-fold increase against measles was noted in 214 (47%, 95% CI; 42.4% -51.6%) of 458 initially seropositive individuals immunized with MRVAC and 65 (28%, 95% CI; 22.3% -33.8%) of 234 in the control group, and geometric mean titer (GMT) after vaccination was 2 5.49-5.60 in MRVAC and 2 5.03-5.24 in control group. Seroconversion against rubella virus after immunization with MRVAC was noted in 267 (98.5%, 95% CI; 97.1% -100%) of 271 initially seronegative subjects, similar to that after immunization with control group. GMT after immunization with MRVAC was 2 4.88-5.11 significantly lower than that after immunization with control vaccine (2 5.59-5.80 ). Most subject ≥ 2 years of age had rubella antibody because of MR vaccination campaign and no significant serological response was observed in initially seronegatives. MRVAC was highly immunogenic and safe vaccine and the domestic production of MR vaccine would contribute to realizing the goal of eliminating measles and rubella.

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá tính an toàn của vắc xin sởi MVVAC do POLYVAC sản xuất thông qua hoạtđộng cảnh giác dược. Biến cố bất lợi sau tiêm chủng là hiện tượng bất thường về sức khỏe bao gồmcác biểu hiện tại chỗ tiêm hoặc toàn thân xảy ra sau tiêm chủng, không nhất thiết do việc sử dụng vắcxin, bao gồm phản ứng thông thường sau tiêm chủng và tai biến nặng sau tiêm chủng. Các biến cốbất lợi thường xảy ra sau khi tiêm vắc xin sởi do POLYVAC sản xuất thường là các triệu chứng tạichỗ như ngứa, đau, sưng hoặc đỏ hoặc vừa sưng vừa đỏ tại chỗ tiêm; triệu chứng toàn thân như sốtdưới 39°C và các triệu chứng khác (khó chịu, mệt mỏi, chán ăn).Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Thu thập và phân tích các sự cố bất lợi sau tiêm chủngđược ghi nhận từ các lô vắc xin sởi MVVAC do POLYVAC sản xuất và được sử dụng trong công táctiêm chủng trong giai đoạn 2019-2021. Từ đó đánh giá tính an toàn của vắc xin này.Kết quả: Vắc xin sởi MVVAC do POLYVAC sản xuất và được sử dụng trong giai đoạn 2019 – 2021có tỷ lệ biến cố bất lợi xảy ra như sau: sốt ≤ 39 °C có tỷ lệ 0,004%; sưng, đỏ tại chỗ tiêm có tỷ lệ0,014% và các triệu chứng khác có tỷ lệ 0,0016%.Kết luận: Vắc xin sởi MVVAC do POLYVAC sản xuất và được sử dụng trong giai đoạn 2019 –2021 đạt yêu cầu về tính an toàn sau tiêm.