Crossing a two-way street is a complex task that involves visual, cognitive and motor abilities, all of which are known to decline with ageing. In particular, older pedestrians may experience difficulties when crossing two-way streets because of incorrect gap acceptance choices and impossible or unperceived evasive actions. To understand the overrepresentation of older pedestrians in crash statistics, several experimental studies have sought to identify traffic-related factors as well as those related to the abilities of the individuals themselves. However, none of these studies has required participants to actually walk across an experimental two-way street with curbs, which is a particularly challenging situation for older pedestrians. To fill this research gap, a quasi-experiment was conducted in a simulator including a total of 58 healthy aged participants (25 younger-old [age 60-72] and 33 older-old [age 72-92]) and 25 young adults (aged 18-25 years). Participants carried out a street-crossing task in a simulated two-way traffic environment; curbs were present on both sides of the experimental street. Participants also undertook a battery of tests to assess their visual and cognitive abilities. In addition, during the experiment, the participants' gait parameters were recorded. In line with earlier findings, the older-old group of participants made a higher number of decisions that led to collisions with approaching cars compared with the other groups. The two groups of older participants experienced specific difficulties when vehicles were in the far lane or when they approached rapidly. A regression analysis identified visual acuity, speed of processing (assessed using the UFOV(®) test), and step length as significant predictors of collisions. Our results have implications for understanding the difficulties experienced by older pedestrians and allow to draw up several recommendations for improving their safety.
This paper introduces a survey and a classification of model such as Fitts' law [15] which is considered as one of the 3D pointing techniques. The survey presents a chronological view most successful quantitative models for pointing tasks in GUIs. on the study of 3D pointing techniques. The classification is based One of Fitts' law based practices in the study of 2D Uls can be on a proposed definition of 3D cursor. The paper shows that summarized as follows. If a new 2D pointing technique follows existing 3D pointing techniques can be either 3D pointer-based the predictive model formulated by 2D Fitts' law, it can be cursor or 3D line-based cursor. Based on recent results of 3D used for pointing tasks in 2D UTs. If such a practice is Fitts' law study and the definition of two types of 3D cursor, the introduced in the study of 3D pointing techniques, the process paper discusses different virtual enhancements for improving of standardization of 3D interaction techniques will be speeded existing 3D pointing techniques and for creating and evaluating up. The immature of the study on Fitts' law for 3D pointing new 3D pointing techniques which focus on decreasing the technique (3D Fills' law in short) could explain the fact that average target acquisition time. tcnqetDFts a nsot ol xll n atta this practice has been used in 3D Uls yet. However, many Key words -Three-dimensional user interfaces, Three-efforts have been carried out [17] [30] and some early dimensional cursor, Three-dimensional pointing, Classifcation predictive models [17] of 3D Fitts' law have been recently Targetnacquisition,Fitts'hlaw introduced and validated. And it's worth now exploiting the potential of Fitts' law for the study of 3D pointing techniques.
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