Non-performing loans are becoming the main factor influencing the sustainability of Vietnam’s financial system. In order to enforce the financial system in general and the banking system in particular, this study aims to examine the determinants of Non-performing Loans (NPLs) in the Vietnamese banking system. Particularly, four factors, including the lag of NPLs in the last year, Loans-to-Asset ratio, Total asset and the Dummy (state-owned or not) were observed and estimated by quantitative method Ordinary Least Square in order to declare the relationship between them and the rate of changes in NPLs. The results showed that the four factors (Growth rate of Loans, Total Assets of Banks, NPLs in the last year and the Dummy variable) actually helped the growth of NPLs in recent years. Further, some implications to the bank management are withdrawn.
Abstract.Horizontal illuminance is an important indicator, which shows the resources of the light climate of each region. Meticulous consideration of the light-climate data allows us to develop graphs of diffuse and global illuminance (ED and EG) and go to the territorial norms of daylight spaces at the modern level. Measurements of horizontal illuminance in Vietnam are not available; therefore, the calculation of the determination horizontal illuminance from solar radiation by light equivalents using the values of the luminous efficacy is widely used now. The paper contains calculation of the luminous efficacy for Vietnam, the results are graphs of horizontal illuminance for Ho Chi Minh. Comparative analysis with horizontal natural illuminance of Moscow shows a high level and uniform distribution of outdoor illuminance in the tropical sky in Vietnam. The maximum values of ED and EG for Ho Chi Minh City are 42.01 Klux and 87.17 Klux; for Moscow these values are equal to 28.3 Klux and 53.1 Klux, respectively. In addition, the levels of illuminance in the winter months in Ho Chi Minh are much higher than in Moscow, which is explained by the latitudinal difference in the location of these cities and the corresponding movement of the Sun.
This study uses the data extracted from the Vietnam Access to Resources Household Survey 2008, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016 on 2,107 rural households in Vietnam. Results from logit regressions show that: (1) natural disasters, plant or animal diseases, mean years of schooling of all labor members in the households, household size, levels of participation in associations and social organizations help to increase the ability of households to diversify when there is a risk; (2) On the contrary, the harmful impacts from pest of the previous year, mean years of schooling of household head, age, ethnicity, land area, attitude to risks exert a negative impact on the ability of income diversification. Thereby, the study offers some policy implications such as improving the educational level of the households, encouraging households to actively participate in training sessions, skills training and market access organized by the State and NGOs, disseminating knowledge on risk response measures through income diversification. The novel point of the study is the application of the microeconomic theory to measure the impact of attitude to risk on the decision to diversify income when risks occur. In addition, the study also examines the impact of each type of risk, and the severity of the risk on the choice of income diversification to cope with risks.
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