Abstract. Chen TV, Tuan ND, Triet NT, An NH, Nguyen PTT, Hai NTT, Nhi NTT, Co NQ, Nhi HTH, Huong HV, Phuong TTB, Nhung NTA. 2022. Morphological and molecular characterization of Distichochlamys citrea M.F. Newman in Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. Biodiversitas 23: 2066-2079. Distichochlamys citrea (Black Ginger or gung den) is a medicinal plant endemic to Vietnam. However, this species is not easily identified due to the lack of a detailed description. Therefore, this study aimed to characterize morphological and molecular aspects of D. citrea from Bach Ma National Park, Vietnam. Six representative plants were selected for the following analyses. Macromorphological features were observed and compared with previous studies. The rhizomes, roots, petioles, and leaves were then histologically analyzed using iodine green-carmine staining. The ground rhizomes and leaves were also microscopically examined for powder characteristics. Finally, the D. citrea DNA barcode was amplified by Internal Transcribe Spacer (ITS) primers. Macromorphologically, D. citrea differs from other Distichochlamys species. Black Ginger, particularly, has elongated rhizomes (with scars from the shoots of previous years), green leaves, spread inflorescences, and yellow labellum (with deep slits). Additionally, D. citrea’s micromorphological structures (epidermis, exodermis, hypodermis, cortex, endodermis, and root pith) are similar to the genus Zingiber. However, the absence of calcium oxalate and silica crystals in the root is unique and can be used to distinguish this plant from other Zingiberaceae members. The sequenced amplicons (96.54% similar to Genbank's D. citrea ITS) demonstrated the ITS marker’s ability to identify Black Ginger.
Worldwide, medicinal plants have been known for economic and geographical advantages, thus possibly holding potentiality against dengue hemorrhagic fever. The methanol/water extracts from different parts of fourteen Vietnam‐based plant species were subjected for experimental screening on anti‐dengue activity using baby hamster kidney cells (BHK21) and plaque reduction neutralisation test (PRNT). Firstly, the methanol/water extracts were tested against serotype dengue virus DENV‐1. Seven out from nineteen extracts show the PRNT50 values less than 31.25 μg/mL. Four of the above extracts namely from Euphorbia hirta, Cordyline terminalis, Carica papaya, and Elaeagnus latifolia were chosen for testing against the serotype DENV‐2. All of them exhibit good activity with the PRNT50 values less than 31.25 μg/ml, which were further fractionated to obtain hexane, ethyl acetate and butanol fractions. Anti‐dengue virus activity of the fractions against four serotypes DENV‐1, −2, −3 and −4 was evaluated. As results, the ethyl acetate fraction of Elaeagnus latifolia is highly active against all four serotype viruses. The structural formulae of its nine constituents were input for molecular docking simulation. The docking‐based order for static inhibitability is 6‐3L6P>7‐3L6P>9‐3L6P>2‐3L6P>3‐3L6P≈5‐3L6P>9‐3L6P>1‐3L6P>8‐3L6P; QSARIS‐based analysis reveals the biocompatibility of the most promising ligands (4–7); ADMET‐based analysis expects their pharmacological suitability. Exceptional finding on 2‐3LKW hydrophilic interaction at Lys43 (with the associated Gibbs free energy of −10.3 kcal mol−1) raises an open explanation for inhibitory effects. The results encourage further investigations for more in‐depth mechanisms and drug development, such as in vitro enzyme assays or in vitro clinical trials with natural substances from E. latifolia.
RAPD and SSR markers have been used for analyzing the genetic diversity of 30 individuals of different peanut varieties collected from different geographical locations in Vietnam. Analysis of PCR products of 26 RAPD primers showed a total of 273 amplified fragments, 235 fragments of them were polymorphic. On the other hand, SSR markers analysis cleared that there were 44 alleles resulting from 12 SSR primer pairs, 38 alleles of them were polymorphic. Phylogenetic analysis proved the genetic similarity and relationship between the 30 peanut individuals analyzed. Genetic similarity ranged from 0.660 between L14 - QNGAI and L14-L20 to 0.881% between DU-L27 and LDH09-L19066 base on RAPD and SSR markers. The observed number of alleles (na), effective alleles (ne), Nei’s gene diversity (h) and Shannon’s information index (I) were observed at the individuals level as 1.868, 1.395, 0.239 and 0.371 respectively. These results showed the abundant genetic variability in the individuals of different peanut varieties. Nei’s gene diversity investigation showed that genetic diversity was mainly found within geographical populations. The results of UPGMA analysis showed that geographical isolation is an important factor in the observed genetic differentiation. A similarity tree based on the combination between RAPD and SSR shows that two main clusters, the first main cluster contained L14 and LACDOBG while the second contained the remaining twenty eight Peanut cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis showed the genetic distance and the genetic similarity among the 30 Peanut cultivars. These results may be due to the origin of the cultivars and all peanut cultivars may result from the true species peanut and its inter-hybridization.
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