OBJECTIVE There is a global deficit of pediatric neurosurgical care, and the epidemiology and overall surgical care for craniosynostosis is not well characterized at the global level. This study serves to highlight the details and early surgical results of a neurosurgical educational partnership and subsequent local scale-up in craniosynostosis correction. METHODS A prospective case series was performed with inclusion of all patients undergoing correction of craniosynostosis by extensive cranial vault remodeling at Children’s Hospital 2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, between January 1, 2015, and December 31, 2019. RESULTS A total of 76 patients were included in the study. The group was predominantly male, with a male-to-female ratio of 3.3:1. Sagittal synostosis was the most common diagnosis (50%, 38/76), followed by unilateral coronal (11.8%, 9/76), bicoronal (11.8%, 9/76), and metopic (7.9%, 6/76). The most common corrective technique was anterior cranial vault remodeling (30/76, 39.4%) followed by frontoorbital advancement (34.2%, 26/76). The overall mean operative time was 205.8 ± 38.6 minutes, and the estimated blood loss was 176 ± 89.4 mL. Eleven procedures were complicated by intraoperative durotomy (14.5%, 11/76) without any damage of dural venous sinuses or brain tissue. Postoperatively, 4 procedures were complicated by wound infection (5.3%, 4/76), all of which required operative wound debridement. There were no neurological complications or postoperative deaths. One patient required repeat reconstruction due to delayed intracranial hypertension. There was no loss to follow-up. All patients were followed at outpatient clinic, and the mean follow-up period was 32.3 ± 18.8 months postoperatively. CONCLUSIONS Surgical care for pediatric craniosynostosis can be taught and sustained in the setting of collegial educational partnerships with early capability for high surgical volume and safe outcomes. In the setting of the significant deficit in worldwide pediatric neurosurgical care, this study provides an example of the feasibility of such relationships in addressing this unmet need.
Histological analysis, which aims to investigate the microscopic anatomy of biological tissues, has been a simple and powerful technique for plant taxonomy. Sectioning followed by staining methods is widely used in observing histological structures. However, the staining techniques often destroy tissue and provide low-quality images due to nonspecific reactions with the dyes making further analysis difficult. In this report, we propose an applicable non-staining histology protocol based on auto-fluorescence characteristics of plant tissues and its application in the anatomical discrimination of six similar-appearance species of golden camellias as a case study. We compared the images from the same tissue under a bright field with the staining step and under fluorescence directly without the staining step in the sample preparation. The images were taken from Eclipse Ni-U microscopy (Nikon, Japan) with a color DS-Ri2 camera (Nikon, Japan) and NIS-ELEMENTS Basic Research Imaging software. The non-staining method demonstrated significant advantages compared to the staining protocol. The fluorescent images showed the distinction between adjacent leaf tissues with their own naturally reflective colors. In addition, the anatomical parameters, including the xylem area, phloem area, bundle sheath area, and palisade/spongy width ratio, were easily measured in good-quality images. These parameters were used in discriminative analysis by the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The PCA diagram demonstrated the separation of six species, thus suggesting that these anatomical parameters can be used for taxonomy. In conclusion, our study showed a helpful technique in histological analysis that significantly contributes to the taxonomy of golden camellias species and can be applied in other plant varieties.
Our analysis shows that SM-like electroweak phase transition (EWPT) in the \(SU(2)_1 \otimes SU(2)_2 \otimes U(1)_Y\) (2-2-1) model is a first-order phase transition at the $200$ GeV scale, enough for baryogenesis. This first order EWPT is described by a non-smooth correlation length function. The second VEV is larger than 1.1 TeV in a two-stage EWPT senarino.
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