Wound healing is a recovering process of damaged tissues by replacing dysfunctional injured cellular structures. Natural compounds for wound treatment have been widely used for centuries. Numerous published works provided reviews of natural compounds for wound healing applications, which separated the approaches based on different categories such as characteristics, bioactivities, and modes of action. However, current studies provide reviews of natural compounds that originated from only plants or animals. In this work, we provide a comprehensive review of natural compounds sourced from both plants and animals that target the different bioactivities of healing to promote wound resolution. The compounds were classified into four main groups (i.e., anti-inflammation, anti-oxidant, anti-bacterial, and collagen promotion), mostly studied in current literature from 1992 to 2022. Those compounds are listed in tables for readers to search for their origin, bioactivity, and targeting phases in wound healing. We also reviewed the trend in using natural compounds for wound healing.
Breast augmentations with silicone implants can have adverse effects on tissues that, in turn, lead to capsular contracture (CC). One of the potential ways of overcoming CC is to control the implant/host interaction using immunomodulatory agents. Recently, a high ratio of anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages to pro-inflammatory (M1) macrophages has been reported to be an effective tissue regeneration approach at the implant site. In this study, a biofunctionalized implant was coated with interleukin (IL)-4 to inhibit an adverse immune reaction and promoted tissue regeneration by promoting polarization of macrophages into the M2 pro-healing phenotype in the long term. Surface wettability, nitrogen content, and atomic force microscopy data clearly showed the successful immobilization of IL-4 on the silicone implant. Furthermore, in vitro results revealed that IL-4-coated implants were able to decrease the secretion of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α) and induced the production of IL-10 and the upregulation of arginase-1 (mannose receptor expressed by M2 macrophage). The efficacy of this immunomodulatory implant was further demonstrated in an in vivo rat model. The animal study showed that the presence of IL-4 diminished the capsule thickness, the amount of collagen, tissue inflammation, and the infiltration of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts. These results suggest that macrophage phenotype modulation can effectively reduce inflammation and fibrous CC on a silicone implant conjugated with IL-4.
Inflammation is a vital physiologic response of cellular injury, infection, or autoimmune activation. Overproduction of proinflammatory mediators may result in the chronic inflammation that leads to many diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, multiple sclerosis, and atherosclerosis. In this study, we assessed for the first time the anti-inflammatory effects of the essential oils of Amomum aromaticum fruits (AAE) in RAW264.7 murine macrophage model. As a result, AAE potently inhibited the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells with the IC50 value of 0.45 ± 0.11 μg/ml. AAE also dose-dependently reduced the expression of two proinflammatory proteins iNOS and COX-2 in the stimulated cells. Phytochemical analysis revealed that major compositions of the volatile oils including 1,8 cineole (48.22%), geranial (9.24%), neral (6.72%), α-pinene (2.43%), and α-terpineol (2.28%) may contribute greatly to the inhibition effects due to their anti-inflammatory properties. The results suggest for the potential uses of AAE in chronic inflammation prevention.
Rickettsial fever is one of a zoonotic disease which is caused by bacteria genus Rickettsia. The ectoparasites such as ticks, mites, fleas, lice... were demonstrated as the main transmited vectors through host reservoirs are rodents and small animals including mice, squirrels, mink... In this study, the rodents and ectoparasites species were identified. The molecular detection of Rickettsia was also performed. In 2018, 83 rats were trapped in 2 villages Thanh Duc and Phu Linh, Vi Xuyen district, Ha Giang province, in which 48.2% mice were found as house mice Rattus flavipectus, 21.7% was forest mice R. rattus, 12% was R. fulvescens, 8.4% was R. nitidus, the remaining rates were R. bowersi, Mus. pahari, Leopoldamys sabanus, Mus musculus and R. niviventer, accounting for 1.2% - 3.6%. The ectoparasites survey found 5 chigger mite species including Leptotrombidium (Leptotrombidium) deliense, Ascoschoengastia (Laurentella) indica, Garhliepia (Walchia) rustica, Lorilutum oreophilum and Shunsenia sp as well as 3 gamasid mite species such as Laelaps (Echidninus) sedlaceki, Laelaps (Laelaps) nuttali and Lenstivalius klossi bispiniformis. The result indicated that 19.3% and 10.8% mice were positive with Ricketsia spotted fever group (SFG) and Rickettsia typhi, respectively by real-time PCR. The nested PCR result showed that 19.4% R. flavipectus mice and 10% L. (L.) deliense chigger mites were positive with Orientia tsutsugamushi.
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