Competitive intelligence has remained a significant intervening variable on competitive advantage in the business world as part of survival and expansion. This reality exists in both the advanced and developing economies of the world. This study therefore examines the influence of competitive intelligence on competitive advantage of pharmaceutical firms in Lagos State, Nigeria. To achieve this objective, four hypotheses were formulated to establish whether a relationship existed between the two variables i.e. competitive intelligence and competitive advantage. The study adopted survey research design; data were obtained from structured questionnaire and analyzed using the one sample T-Test statistic. The result of the analysis revealed that a significant relationship existed between competitive intelligence and competitive advantage in pharmaceutical firms. Based on the findings, it was concluded that the role of competitive Intelligence on competitive advantage is to provide strategic information that will guide pharmaceutical firms in the task of improved marketing innovations to meet the need of the customers. Among other things the study recommended that for pharmaceutical firms to gain

This study is a modest but objective comparative evaluation of internal security threats facing two sub-regional large countries of Africa and South Asia-Nigeria and Pakistan. Considering the fact that ethnicity, sectarianism and economic instability are fundamental variables of internal security threats in both countries, the study argued that religious extremism has created an unenviable image of both nations in the eyes of the rest of the world, undoubtedly, this has affected both nations adversely. The study also identified inter-regional grievances as potential causes of damages to both federations. Also identified is ethno-sectarian problem as a major security threat to both nations. This in the opinion of the authors will remain a huge impediment to the goals of economic prosperity to both nations. Consequently, the focus of this study is to examine interdependence of these multifaceted challenges and their overall impact on internal security in both countries. To achieve this, the study employed qualitative research method in which analytical approach was used to examine the similarities in the security challenges in Nigeria and Pakistan. Structural questionnaire was used as the instrument for data collection.  The employment of thematic analytic approach was adopted to analyse data collected for the study. The study concludes among others, the need for both countries to individually address these national security threats and find viable solutions to the problems of socio-economic and political reforms and unemployment within a reasonable timeframe to mitigate future threats.Keywords: Internal Security; Ethnicity; Sectarianism; Challenges Dua Bangsa Satu Tantangan: Analisis Politik dan Hukum pada Ancaman Keamanan dalam Negeri (Internal Security) di Nigeria dan PakistanAbstrak Penelitian ini merupakan evaluasi komparatif sederhana namun objektif terhadap ancaman keamanan internal yang dihadapi dua negara besar sub-regional Afrika dan Asia Selatan-Nigeria dan Pakistan. Mempertimbangkan fakta bahwa etnisitas, sektarianisme, dan ketidakstabilan ekonomi adalah variabel fundamental dari ancaman keamanan internal di kedua negara. Penelitian ini berpendapat bahwa ekstremisme agama telah menciptakan citra yang tidak baik dari kedua negara di mata dunia. Tidak diragukan lagi, ini telah mempengaruhi kedua negara secara merugikan. Penelitian ini juga mengidentifikasi kasus-kasus antar-regional sebagai penyebab potensial kerusakan pada kedua federasi. Juga diidentifikasi masalah etno-sektarian sebagai ancaman keamanan utama bagi kedua negara, dimana akan tetap menjadi hambatan besar bagi tujuan kemakmuran ekonomi kedua negara. Fokus penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji saling ketergantungan dari tantangan beragam ini dan dampaknya secara keseluruhan terhadap keamanan internal di kedua negara. Untuk mendapatkan data tersebut, penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kualitatif dimana pendekatan analitik digunakan untuk menguji kesamaan dalam tantangan keamanan di Nigeria dan Pakistan. Kuesioner struktural digunakan sebagai instrumen pengumpulan data. Penggunaan pendekatan analitik tematik diadopsi untuk menganalisis data yang dikumpulkan untuk penelitian ini. Studi ini menyimpulkan antara lain, perlunya kedua negara untuk secara individual mengatasi ancaman keamanan nasional ini dan menemukan solusi yang layak untuk masalah reformasi sosial-ekonomi dan politik dan pengangguran dalam jangka waktu yang wajar untuk mengurangi ancaman di masa depan.Kata Kunci: Keamanan dalam Negeri; Etnisitas; Sektarianisme; Tantangan Две нации, разные регионы, одинаковые вызовы: правовой и политический анализ угроз внутренней безопасности в Нигерии и Пакистане АбстрактныйЭто исследование представляет собой скромную, но объективную сравнительную оценку угроз внутренней безопасности, с которыми сталкиваются две субрегиональные крупные страны Африки и Южной Азии - Нигерия и Пакистан. Учитывая тот факт, что этническая принадлежность, сектантство и экономическая нестабильность являются фундаментальными переменными угроз внутренней безопасности в обеих странах, в исследовании утверждается, что религиозный экстремизм создал незавидный имидж обеих стран в глазах остального мира, несомненно, это повлияло на обе нации неблагоприятно. Исследование также определило межрегиональные жалобы как потенциальные причины ущерба для обеих федераций. Также определена этно-сектантская проблема как серьезная угроза безопасности для обеих стран. Это, по мнению авторов, останется огромным препятствием на пути достижения целей экономического процветания обеих стран. Следовательно, целью данного исследования является изучение взаимозависимости этих многогранных вызовов и их общего воздействия на внутреннюю безопасность в обеих странах. Для достижения этой цели в исследовании использовался качественный метод исследования, в котором использовался аналитический подход для изучения сходства проблем безопасности в Нигерии и Пакистане. Структурная анкета использовалась в качестве инструмента для сбора данных. Для анализа данных, собранных для исследования, был использован тематический аналитический подход. В исследовании, среди прочего, делается вывод о необходимости для обеих стран индивидуально противодействовать этим угрозам национальной безопасности и находить жизнеспособные решения проблем социально-экономических и политических реформ и безработицы в разумные сроки для смягчения будущих угроз.Ключевые слова: внутренняя безопасность; Этническая принадлежность; Сектантство; Вызовы

Interpretation of legal guidelines can vary widely-relying at the occasions dealing with a rustic and its political structure-in different words, whether or not it's miles an autocracy or democracy. Acts of terrorism were described as moves intentionally fascinated by malice and the purpose to destabilize or wreck the essential political, constitutional, financial and/or social structure. The paper finds out that the country's anti-terrorism legislation is critical. The key law under consideration is the Terrorism Prevention (Amendment) Act 2013. The paper strongly suggests that in order for the Nigerian government to fulfil its counter-terrorism objectives, it must change its attention to tackling the underlying fundamental causes of terrorism. Furthermore, the work suggested that, for long-term sustainable solutions, the opportunity to engage-and address the concerns of-the entire population, including marginalized segments of the population who offer passive resistance to terrorist and outlaw groups, is at the heart of a successful counter-terrorism campaign. Most individuals are inclined to approve such a strategy if they can see evidence of success and can envisage even modest but progressive changes. It is only by their active participation and collaboration will the political leadership be able to capture the hearts and minds of the people, particularly Nigeria's youth, and act on the enormous prospects for Nigeria's economic, social, and intellectual advancement.

With the world becoming a more volatile place and certainly high - threat environments becoming too far and dangerous to send personnel, the insufficiency of human intelligence has placed a greater stress on technical aids in gathering intelligence. Technology has allowed the acquisition of intelligence to rely less on human intelligence. The progeny of modern day equipment - both offensive and defensive has made provision for myriad levels in intelligence gathering. The Gulf of Guinea Basin countries rely heavily on their maritime sector for greater per cent of their exports and imports. The Gulf of Guinea is strategic to the development of West African countries and has been characterized by various maritime crimes, thus the need for technical intelligence and surveillance measures by basin countries to enhance the security of the region. Nigeria is a strategic stakeholder in the maritime security around the Gulf of Guinea with her Navy and Nigerian Maritime Administration and Safety Agency as the lead agencies responsible for her maritime security and safety. This work discusses the various leverage and the challenges of modern surveillance equipment to aid the achievement of securing the Nigerian maritime environment by the Nigerian Navy as well as her involvement in several internal security operations in Nigeria.

Indonesia's bitter experience of the embargo became a hard slap and a reminder of the importance of the National Defense Industry in meeting the needs of the TNI's defense equipment and encouraging the quality of the TNI's performance in carrying out the territorial defense of the Republic of Indonesia. Over time the development of the National Defense Industry continues to grow and is supported by regulations at the level of the Law, namely Law no. 16 of 2012 concerning the Defense Industry in realizing the Independence of the National Defense Industry. However, over time the implementation of Law no. 16 of 2012 does not work properly, challenges and problems arise, there are two problems in the National Defense Industry, namely Research and Development (R&D) and Defense Clustering. In this paper, a deeper review of the complex defense industry uses the research method, namely normative juridical research with two approaches including the statute approach and the conceptual approach. The results of the research in this paper carry the Core Indonesia Military-Industrial Complex which supports the strengthening of Research by initiating the Concept of Feedback and Clustering of the Defense Industry by forming 7 Defense Industry Clusters which include Raw Material Industry, Production Industry, Assembly Industry, Production, Support Industry (Components, Spare Parts), Electronic Industry, Maintenance.