<p>Characterization and Selection of Azotobacter sp. in Enhancing Seed Germination and Growth of Plant. Nitrogen (N) is a macro nutrient needed by the plant. Chemical synthesis of N fertilizer need high energy input. On the other hand, Azotobacter sp. has been known as a free living nitrogen fixing bacteria. This bacteria is also known as growth factor producing bacteria such as indole acetic acid (IAA) and extracellular polysaccharide. The ability of Azotobacter sp. in fixing N and producing IAA was affected by strain type of the bacteria as well as the origin of the isolate. It had been characterized 44 isolates of Azotobacter sp. isolated from selected dry habitat such as oil palm in Sekayu (South Sumatera), coffee and cashew nut tree in NTT, corn crops in Banjar (South of Kalimantan), and rubber tree in Bogor (West Java). Isolation was conducted using Ashby media. Based on their ability in producing IAA, promoting germination of the seed and growth of leguminous cover crops Pueraria phaseoloides. The result showed that isolate of 116(2), from Sikka, Flores, (NTT), produced highest IAA i.e 2.815 &#956;M within the third day and 4.02 uM in the sixth day incubation time. Strain D1/8B (isolated from oil palm plantation in South Sumatera) and S5 (isolated from corn in South Kalimantan) could increase 2-3 times number of germinating seed of P. phaseoloides for the third days. Azotobacter sp. isolate of D1/2, 107, and 113 in combination with 50% recomended doses of chemical fertilizer could enhance the growth of plant (fresh and dry biomassa total) of sorghum higher compared to 100% chemical fertilizer doses (control). Isolate of D1/2 originated from South of Sumatera improved germination of seed, and enhanced the growth of sorghum, while isolate of 113 from Sikka, Flores, NTT had the ability to increase the growth of sorghum during one month in glass house experiment.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Abstrak</strong></p><p>Nitrogen (N) merupakan unsur makro yang diperlukan oleh tanaman. Bakteri Azotobacter sp. diketahui dapat memfiksasi N secara nonsimbiotik dan menghasilkan hormon tumbuh seperti IAA dan polisakarida ekstraseluler. Kemampuan penambatan N dan produksi IAA dipengaruhi oleh galur bakteri dan asal isolat. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengkarakterisasi 44 isolat Azotobacter sp. yang diisolasi dari beberapa habitat lahan kering, yaitu perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sekayu (Sumsel), perkebunan kopi dan jambu mete di Nusa Tenggara Timur, areal tanaman jagung di Banjar (Kalsel), dan kebun karet di Bogor (Jabar). Isolasi bakteri Azotobacter sp. dilakukan menggunakan medium Ashby. Isolat yang diperoleh diuji kemampuannya menghasilkan IAA dan pengaruhnya terhadap perkecambahan benih serta pertumbuhan kacang penutup tanah (Pueraria phaseoloides). Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa isolat 116 (2) menghasilkan IAA tertinggi, yaitu 2,815 &#956;M pada hari ke-3 dan 4,02 &#956;M pada hari ke-6. Isolat tersebut berasal dari Sikka, Flores, NTT. Isolat D1/8B (asal perkebunan kelapa sawit di Sumsel) dan S5 (asal areal tanaman jagung di Kalimantan) dapat meningkatkan 2-3 kali jumlah benih P. phaseoloides yang berkecambah pada hari ke-3. Isolat D1/2, 107, dan 113 dapat meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman sorgum (total biomasa basah dan kering) lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan pupuk NPK 100%. Isolat D1/2 asal Sumsel meningkatkan perkecambahan benih dan pertumbuhan sorgum relatif tinggi, sedang isolat 113 asal Sikka, Flores, NTT, mampu meningkatkan pertumbuhan tanaman sorgum.</p><p> </p>
In the last three decades, there has been an evolution of nutrition science from classical nutrition science covering macro and micro nutrients into current nutrition science that elaborate not only basic nutrients (macro and micro nutrients) but also functional foods and omic science of nutrition (nutrigenomics and nutrigenetics). There are 7 categories of bioactive compounds in fruits and vegetables considered as functional foods, i.e. carotenoids, dietary fibre, fatty acids, phenolics (flavonoids), plant sterols, prebiotics/probiotics, and soy phytoestrogens. One category of functional foods which is believed to be important for degenerative disease prevention is phenolic compounds, considered as antioxidants. In principle, antioxidants will neutralise free radicals (radical oxygen species and radical nitrogen species) by donating their electron. Free radical is believed to cause inflammation and destruction of cell structure which in turn would cause the occurrence of degenerative diseases. Therefore, antioxidants are claimed as physiologically active compounds that can prevent a number of degenerative diseases, like cancer, cardiovascular disease, cataract, macular degeneration, chronic lung diseases, immune deficiency diseases, Diabetes Melitus, in facts, HIV/AIDS.
<p>Dalam beberapa tahun terakhir tanaman jambu mete di NTB diserang oleh wercng pucuk. yang semula dikenal sebagai Lawana sp. atau L. Candida. Penamaan tersebut tidak tepat karena tidak didukung oleh penelitian taksonomi yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi serangga wereng pucuk tersebut berdasarkan ciri morfologi serta mcmpelajari beberapa aspek biologinya. Identiikasi dilakukan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Rempah dan Obat (Balittro), Bogor dan Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Biologi LIPI, Cibinong dari September - Nopember 2002, sedang pengamatan lapang di lakukan di daerah Lombok, NTB pada tahun 2001-2002. Dai identifikasi terhadap serangga contoh yang diambil dai beberapa lokasi di Lombok, NTB dapat disimpulkan bahwa wereng pucuk jambu mete tersebut adalah Sanurus indecora Jacobi. Beberapa cii utama serangga ini antara lain pada bentuk dan venasi sayap depan (legmen), jumlah spina (duri) lateral pada tibia kaki belakang, bentuk carina pada frons (muka bagian atas) dan bentuk aedeagus (genitalia jantan). Hasil pengamatan di lapangan menunjukkan bahwa daerah sebaran serangga tersebut terdapat di daerah Lombok dan Sumbawa, mempunyai banyak inang antara lain mangga, jeruk, krotalaria, jarak, rambutan, bougcnville dan nangka, siklus hidup 3 -4 minggu, seekor imago mampu meletakkan telur 80 butir atau lebih serta mempunyai beberapa musuh alami antara lain parasitoid telur, Aphanomerus sp. dan jamur entomopatogen, Synnematium sp. dan atau Hirsulella citriformis.</p><p>Kata kunci: Wereng pucuk, jambu mete, Sanurus indecora</p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong></p><p><strong>Identiication of cashew shoot hopper, S. indecora and its biological aspects</strong></p><p>In the last few years, cashew plantations in West Nusa Tenggara has been attacking by shoot hopper, which formerly known as Lawana sp. or L. Candida. The naming was incorrect as there was not supported by accurate taxonomic study. The research was aimed at identifying the insect based on its morphological characteristics and studying its biological aspects in the ield. Identification was carried out in Balittro (Research Institute for Spice and Medicinal Crops), Bogor and Biological Research and Development Centre LIPI, Cibinong from September Nopember 2002, while ield observation was carried out in Lombok, NTB duing 2001-2002. Identification result showed that the shoot hopper is Sanurus indecora Jacobi. Some important characteristics of the insect arc the form and venation of tegmen, number of metatibial spina, form of carina on the frons and Ihe aedeagus. Results of the ield observation showed that the insect spreads in Lombok and Sumbawa. The alternative host plants are mango, citrus, Crolalaria, Ricmus commums, rambutan, Bougenville and Jackfruit. Its life cycle is 3 -4 weeks, female could lay 80 eggs or more. They have some natural enemies such as egg parasitoid, Aphanomerus sp. and entomopathogen fungi. Synnematium sp. or Hirsulella cilnformts.</p><p>Key words : Shool hopper, Anacardium occidentale. Sanurus indecora</p>
During storage, shallot seed experiences a decreased quality in the form of weight loss and bulbs damage. Therefore, this study aims to examine the kinetics of pesticides and UVC irradiation effect on the rate of shallot seed bulb quality change during storage. Four different pesticide applications (control, systemic, contact and contact + systemic) and four levels of UVC irradiation time (control, 2, 7 and 12 hours) with 3 replications were used. After being treated, the selected shallot samples were stored for 90 days and continuously monitored. It was found that fungi increase followed first and zero orders with k values between −6 × 106 to 676.190. The damage and weight loss percentages followed zero-order with k values between −0.427 to −0.0233. The pesticides and UVC irradiation affected shallot quality, where the best treatment was systemic pesticides application combined with UVC irradiation for 7 hours. This led to 3.75 × 107 fungal spores (control 1.17 × 109), 1.59% bulbs damage (control 3.4%) and 10.12% weight loss (control 21.05%), with the value of k= −228.571, −0.0233, and −0.0978 as well as R2 = 0.3248, 0.8494, and 0.9924 respectively.
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