A m-acrylamidophenylboronic acid-acrylamide copolymer is assembled by electropolymerization on Ausurfaces (Au-electrodes, Au-quartz crystals or Au-glass slides). The electrolysis time controls the film thickness on the electrodes. Addition of glucose to the copolymer film leads to the ligation of the sugar to the boronic acid sites and results in the swelling of the polymer. Faradaic impedance spectroscopy, chronopotentiometry, surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy (SPR), and microgravimetric quartz-crystal-microbalance measurements (QCM) are employed to characterize the swelling of the polymer film upon the binding of glucose. The swelling rate constant, upon the association of glucose to the polymer film, is estimated to be k sw ) 1.7 × 10 -4 s -1 , while the shrinking rate constant of the polymer film, upon depletion of glucose, is k sh ) 2.3 × 10 -5 s -1 . By following the swelling degree of the polymer film at variable glucose concentrations, the polymer matrix is used as an active medium for the sensing of glucose.
Molecular recognition sites for the nucleotides adenosine 5'-monophosphate (1), guanosine 5'-monophosphate (2), cytosine 5'-monophosphate (3), and uridine 5'-monophosphate (4) are imprinted in an acrylamide-acrylamidephenylboronic acid copolymer (5) membrane. The imprinted membranes are assembled on piezoelectric Au quartz crystals or Au electrodes via electropolymerization or on the gate surface of an ISFET device by radical polymerization. The imprinted membranes reveal selectivity toward the imprinted nucleotide, and the association of the respective nucleotides with the recognition sites is transduced by the following: (i) microgravimetric, quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) measurements; (ii) Faradaic impedance analyses, and (iii) potentiometric responses of the ISFET devices. While the microgravimetric QCM measurements reflect the swelling of the polymers upon the association of the nucleotides with the recognition sites, the ISFET response is due to the charging of the polymer membrane as a result of the formation of the nucleotide-boronate complex. The selective detection of the nucleotides may lead to new DNA/RNA sequencing methods. Also, specific recognition sites for beta-D(+)-glucose (6), D(+)-galactose (7), and beta-D(-)-fructose (8) were imprinted in an acrylamide-acrylamidephenylboronic acid copolymer (5) membrane associated with an ISFET device. Selective sensing of the respective monosaccharides is accomplished in the presence of the imprinted membrane-functionalized ISFET devices.
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