This study has aimed to determine the effects of treated wastewater on cotton yield and soil pollution in Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey during 2011 and 2012. The treated wastewater was provided from the reservoir operated as anaerobic stabilization. After treatment, suspended solids (28-60 mg/l), biological oxygen demand (29-30 mg/l), and chemical oxygen demand (71-112 mg/l) decreased significantly compared to those in the wastewater. There was no heavy metal pollution in the water used. There were no significant amounts of coliform bacteria, fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli compared to untreated wastewater. The cottonseed yield (31.8 g/plant) in the tanks where no commercial fertilizers were applied was considerably higher compared to the yield (17.2 g/plant) in the fertilized tanks where a common nitrogenous fertilizer was utilized. There were no significant differences between the values of soil pH. Soil electrical conductivity (EC) after the experiment increased from 0.8-1.0 to 0.9-1.8 dS/m. Heavy metal pollution did not occur in the soil and plants, because there were no heavy metals in the treated wastewater. It can be concluded that treated domestic wastewater could be used to grow in a controlled manner crops, such as cotton, that would not be used directly as human nutrients.
The purpose of this study was to improve irrigation water use and cotton yield using real-time crop evepotranspiration based on the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith and canopy cover using surface drip and subsurface drip irrigation. The experiments were conducted Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey, during 2016 and 2017. The experimental design was split-plots in randomized blocks using three replications. The main plots were surface drip irrigation (SDI), subsurface drip irrigation (SSDI-30 cm) and SSDI-40 cm. Sub-plots were three different irrigation levels based on real crop evapotranspiration (ETc), 0.75×ETc, 1.00×ETc and 1.25× ETc. There were significant differences (657 kg ha -1 ) between the seed cotton yield of SDI (3667 kg ha -1 ) and SSDI with a 40-cm lateral depth (4323 kg ha -1 ). Irrigation water and crop consumptive water use were 552 and 589 mm for the SSDI-40 cm recommended treatment, respectively. According to the projection using the results for cotton cultivation area in the study region, SDI and SSDI could save water about 37 and 42% compared to furrow irrigation, respectively. Net income based on unit area in SDI and SSDI was higher 20 and 69% than it in furrow irrigation, respectively. Irrigation scheduling based on real crop evapotranspiration (1.0×ETc) was more appropriate for water saving and increasing water productivity (0.84 kg m -3 ). The use of drip irrigation systems (especially SSDI) is significantly important to improve cotton yield, water use and economic contribution considering possible water shortage, decreasing water resources, farmers conditions, irrigation schemes, regional and national incomes.
SUMMARYThis study was carried out to determine the effects of different salinity levels in irrigation water for some cotton varieties under Diyarbakır Province of Southeastern Anatolia Region in 2007 using experiments utilizing lysimeter-like drainage type metal containers. Four different salinity levels (T 0 : 0.32 dS/m, T 1 : 5 dS/m, T 2 : 9 dS/m and T 3 : 13 dS/m) and 3 different cotton cultivars (P 1 : Berke, P 2 : Stonville-453 and P 3 : Teks) were utilized during the treatments. The least affected cultivar from the salinity was Berke. Compared to the cultivar of Berke, the seed-cotton yields of Stonville-453 and Teks were less than 8.3 % and 23.1 %, respectively. The values of salinity threshold for irrigation water according to the cotton cultivars were calculated as Ct=4.45 (Berke), Ct=4.32 (Stonville-453) and Ct=3.72 (Teks). The values of salinity threshold for soil were Ct=6.58 (Berke), Ct=7.46 (Stonville-453), Ct=6.84 (Teks). The results showed there is no significant loss on seed-cotton yield when irrigation water salinity of up to the value of 4.45 dS/m was used.
Bu çalışma Diyarbakır koşullarında, 2016-2017 yıllarında, farklı damla sulama sistemleri ve farklı sulama suyu düzeyleri kullanılarak pamuk bitkisinde lif verimi, verim öğeleri ve lif kalite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Tesadüf bloklarında bölünmüş parseller deneme desenine göre 3 tekrarlamalı olarak kurulan denemede ana konuları farklı damla sulama yöntemleri (I1: Yüzey damla (YD), I2: Yüzeyaltı damla 30 cm (YAD), I3: Yüzeyaltı damla 40 cm) alt konuları ise farklı sulama suyu düzeyleri (K1: 1.25 × ETc (bitki su tüketimi), K2: 1.00 × ETc, K3: 0.75 × ETc) oluşturmuştur. Sulama aralığı 5 gün olarak uygulanmıştır. Lif verimleri 2016 yılında konulara bağlı olarak 1108-1734 kg ha-1 arasında, 2017 yılında ise 1117-2457 kg ha-1 arasında değişmiştir. En yüksek lif verimleri her iki deneme yılında da I3K1 konusundan elde edilmiş olup, ortalama 2085 kg ha-1 'dır. Bütün damla sulama sistemlerinde sulama suyu arttıkça lif verimi de artmıştır. Benzer şekilde artan sulama suyu ve YD'dan YAD'a doğru gittikçe bitki boyunda artış sağlanmış olup en yüksek değer (85.6 cm) I3K1 konusundan elde edilmiştir. En yüksek çırçır randımanı değeri ise I3K1 konusundan (% 47.4) elde edilmiştir. Genelde su stresinin artması silkme oranını arttırmıştır. Sulama suyu miktarı arttıkça lif kopma uzaması ve olgunluk indeksi de artmıştır. Farklı damla sulama sistemleri de lif kopma dayanıklılığını artırmıştır. Diğer lif kalite parametreleri arasındaki farklılıklar istatistiksel olarak önemli bulunmamıştır. Lif verimi ve diğer özellikler bakımından en iyi sonuç I3K1 konusundan elde edilmiş olmasına karşın, optimum su kullanımı göz önüne alındığında bitki su tüketiminin tam olarak verildiği ve 40 cm (YAD) derinliğe gömülü sulama sistemi olan I3K2 konusu önerilmiştir.
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