This study evaluates the psychological impact (PI) of the COVID-19 pandemic in frontline workers in Spain. Participants were 546 workers (296 healthcare workers, 105 media professionals, 89 grocery workers, and 83 protective service workers). They all completed online questionnaires assessing PI, sadness, concerns related to the COVID-19 pandemic, and demographic and work-related variables. All groups but protective services workers showed higher PI levels than the general population. Healthcare and grocery workers were the most affected, with 73.6% and 65.2% of the participants, respectively, showing a severe PI. Women showed a higher PI level. Healthcare workers in the regions with higher COVID-19 incidences reported greater PI levels. The main concerns were being infected by COVID-19 or infecting others. Levels of concern correlated with higher PI levels. The protection equipment was generally reported as insufficient, which correlated with higher PI levels. Professionals reporting to overwork during the crisis (60% mass-media, 38% of healthcare and grocery and 21.7% of protective service) showed higher PI levels. In the healthcare group, taking care of patients with COVID-19 (77%) or of dying patients with COVID-19 (43.9%) was associated with higher PI levels. The perceived social recognition of their work was inversely related to PI. Most of the sample had not received psychological support. We suggest some organizational measures for frontline institutions, such as the periodical monitoring or inclusion of psychologists specialized in crisis-management to prevent negative symptoms and provide timely support.

35When misfortune befalls another, humans may feel distress, leading to a motivation to escape. 36When such misfortune is perceived as justified however it may be experienced as rewarding 37 and lead to a motivation to witness such misfortune. We explored when in human ontogeny How cooperation in societies can emerge and be maintained remains an evolutionary puzzle [1][2][3][4][5] . 68Punishment of antisocial group members is arguably one key mechanism capable of ensuring 69 that levels of cooperation remain high in human 6 as well as other species 7,8 . 85While it is known that chimpanzees appear to develop attitudes towards others based on 86 previous pro-and antisocial behaviors [36][37][38] , nothing is known about the phylogenetic origins of 87 the motivation to watch the enactment of revenge. 89We used a cross-species forced-choice behavioral paradigm to study whether chimpanzees and 90 children aged 4-6 years differentially incur costs to continue watching the punishment of agents 91 depending on whether these had been pro-or antisocial in a directly experienced previous 92 interaction with them (Studies 1 and 2). The pro-or antisocial nature of the agents was 93operationalized by means of them offering valuable goods to children (i.e. their favorite toys) 94and chimpanzees (i.e. food). Whereas the prosocial agent would both offer and give the goods 95 to the participant, the antisocial agent would offer the goods first but then withdraw the goods. 96The punishment procedure for all the studies entailed a punisher applying physical punishment 97 in the form of hitting each of the two agents (i.e. either prosocial or antisocial; Figure 1A and 98 1B). Crucially, after a brief period of witnessing the punishment, this was rendered invisible to 99 subjects (i.e. occurred in another part of the room for chimpanzees / was occluded by a curtain 100 of a puppet theatre for children). Therefore to continue watching the punishment subjects had to 101 4 incur costs, which for chimpanzees entailed physical effort by operating a heavy sliding door to 102 get to the invisible part of the room ( Figure 1A) and for children entailed paying tokens or 103 monetary units (henceforth MUs) for the curtain of the puppet theatre to be raised again ( Figure 104 1B 182To assess the presence of vocalizations associated with emotional arousal during the 183 punishment of either of the agents, the testing event was divided into three periods; an initial 184 baseline where just the agent was present; a pre-hit period where the punisher appeared but 185had not started to punish the agent, and a first-hit period during which the punishment actually 186 took place. We looked at these periods separately for each of the two agents. There was a Figure 2C). 198To assess whether the prosocial/antisocial exposure procedure had been effective, we 199 assessed the subjects' preference for the prosocial and antisocial agent upon completion of the tasks (see Materials and Methods section). This was tested by allowing the chimpan...

Climate change mitigation is a shared global challenge that involves collective action of a set of individuals with different tendencies to cooperation. However, we lack an understanding of the effect of resource inequality when diverse actors interact together towards a common goal. Here, we report the results of a collective-risk dilemma experiment in which groups of individuals were initially given either equal or unequal endowments. We found that the effort distribution was highly inequitable, with participants with fewer resources contributing significantly more to the public goods than the richer −sometimes twice as much. An unsupervised learning algorithm classified the subjects according to their individual behavior, finding the poorest participants within two “generous clusters” and the richest into a “greedy cluster”. Our results suggest that policies would benefit from educating about fairness and reinforcing climate justice actions addressed to vulnerable people instead of focusing on understanding generic or global climate consequences.

El abuso sexual de menores online ha aumentado a la par que el desarrollo de las nuevas tecnologías. Para evitarlo necesitamos conocer las características de agresores y víctimas, así como el modus operandi. Con ese objetivo, en el presente trabajo analizamos 20 sentencias españolas (periodo 2017-2020). La muestra se compone de 20 agresores (varones, edad media = 35 años) y de 65 víctimas (46% chicas, edad media = 14 años). Aunque no existía un perfil homogéneo, como en investigaciones previas, los infractores eran mayoritariamente varones jóvenes, desconocidos y sin antecedentes penales, aunque con edad media superior. Las estrategias de persuasión eran semejantes a las de la literatura pero diferentes por sexo (engaño y coacción en chicas, corrupción en chicos). Se propuso un encuentro en persona en el 90% de los casos, que tuvo mayor aceptación cuando el agresor era conocido. La discapacidad de las víctimas es un factor de riesgo. En la discusión tratamos de desmitificar estereotipos con la finalidad de contribuir con material empírico a los programas de prevención.