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The dry-fermented sausages are under high risk of microbial cross-contamination and physical impurities come from ground spices because they are not subjected to heat treatment. So, the objective of this study was to investigate the replacement of 3 g/kg ground black pepper (Piper nigrum L.), and cumin (Cuminum cyminum) with their aliquots of tetrafluoroethane extracts on oxidation stability in dry-fermented sausages. The influence of 0.2 g/kg added antioxidants: Dihydroquercetin from Siberian larch (Larix sibirica Ledeb), rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) extract, or butylated hydroxytoluene on the antioxidant activity was studied too. For this purpose the acid value (AV), conjugated dienes and trienes, peroxide value (POV), TBARS, and fatty acid composition of Bulgarian-type dry-fermented sausages sudjuk Sadowski, were determined. The replacement of ground black pepper and cumin with tetrafluoroethane essential oil extracts in sudjuk effectively decrease the rate of lipolysis and lipid oxidation during processing and 30 days storage at 0-4°C. In comparison with control samples the AV was reduced by more than 38%, POV with 50.8%, conjugated dienes with 8.82%, conjugated trienes with 39.3%, and TBARS with approximately 39%. A strong linear correlation between TBARS and POV (R 2 > 0.94); AV and POV (R 2 > 0.89), and AV and TBARS (R 2 > 0.83) was obtained.Practical applications: The black pepper and cumin tetrafluoroethane essential oil extracts or addition of 0.02% of natural antioxidants, such as dihydroquercetin and rosemary powder extract can be used in the composition of the Bulgarian type dry-fermented sausages such as sudjuk. They show strong antioxidant capacity with beneficial effect on lipolytical changes and lipid oxidation stability during 30 days vacuum storage at 0-4°C. In general, results suggest that black pepper and cumin tetrafluoroethane essential oil extracts with the combination of dihydroquercetin or rosemary powder extract can be successfully applied to protect dry-fermented sausages from lipid oxidation.

Cacao and rose waste, generated yearly by chocolate and rose-oil industry, respectively, pose to the manufacturers' difficulties for disposal. These by-products are underused and represent also sources of valuable substances: polyphenols, polysaccharides, aroma substances, etc. The aim of the present work was to characterize cacao waste and evaluate possibility for preparation of liqueurs with substituted cacao and aromatized with rose waste. The cacao waste was investigated for total dietary fibres (63.58±0.22% DW), proteins (15.80±0.11% DW), and hexane-soluble substances (13.39±0.08% DW). The most abundant essential amino acids were lysine, phenylalanine and threonine: 1.35±0.13, 1.00±0.08 and 0.73±0.11 g.100g -1 waste, respectively. Water, 50% and 95% ethanol extracts were obtained and the highest amount of polyphenols were extracted with 50% ethanol: 5.86±0.39 mg GAE.g -1 dry weight (DW) for cacao waste and 3.33±0.39 mg QE.g -1 DW for rose waste. The antioxidant activity of 50% ethanol extracts, evaluated by DPPH and FRAP (82.82±1.72 and 31.13±0.70 mM TE.g -1 DW cacao waste, respectively; and 14.53±0.35 and 13.42±0.64 mM TE.g -1 DW rose waste, respectively) suggested that cacao and rose wastes had a potential as antioxidant supplements. The most prevalent aroma substances in cacao ethanol (50%) extract was hexanal (10.33±0.12% of TIC) and for rose extract: β-phenylethyl alcohol (17.14±0.18% of TIC). A novel possibility for valorization of cacao and rose wastes was explored and liqueurs with substituted cacao powder with cacao waste and added rose waste extracts were obtained. Sensory evaluation revealed that cacao pod husks were a promising constituent for preparation of low-alcoholic beverages.

A comprehensive chemical profiling of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane (freon R134a) subcritical extracts from the main genotypes of oil-bearing roses, was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (GC-FID) in order to reveal the differences in their chemical composition. One hundred and three individual compounds were identified using GC/MS and their quantitative content was determined using GC-FID, representing 89.8, 92.5, 89.7 and 93.7% of the total content of Rosa gallica L., Rosa damascena Mill., Rosa alba L. and Rosa centifolia L. extracts, respectively. The compounds found in the extracts are representatives of the following main chemical classes: mono-, sesqui- and triterpenoids, phenylethanoids and phenylpropanoids and aliphatic hydrocarbons. Fatty acids, esters and waxes were found, as well. The study revealed that 2-phenylethanol is the most abundant component, ranging 9.0–60.9% followed by nonadecane and nonadecene with 5.1–18.0% geraniol (2.9–14.4%), heneicosane (3.1–11.8%), tricosane (0.1–8.6%), nerol (1.3–6.1%) and citronellol (1.7–5.3%). The extracts demonstrate a specific chemical profile, depending on the botanical species—phenylethanoids and phenyl propanoids are the main group for R. damascena, aliphatic hydrocarbons for R. alba and R. centifolia, while both are found in almost equal amounts in R. gallica. The terpenoid compounds show relatively broad variations: monoterpenes—11.9–25.5% with maximum in R. centifolia; sesquiterpenes—0.6–7.0% with maximum in R. gallica and triterpenes—0.4–3.7% with maximum in R. gallica extract.

In the context of growing interest for functional foods and cosmetic products, emulsified products such as dressings or lotions have been proposed to deliver probiotics and plant extracts with interesting biological (e. g. anti-inflammatory) properties due to their daily consumption or application on skin, respectively. Besides these positive effects, emulsified products containing water are often prone to microbial growth justifying thus the addition of preservatives such as parabens in their formulation. Safety concerns regarding some synthetic preservatives have stimulated the development of natural antimicrobial ingredients (namely from plant or microbial origin) for the preservation of food or cosmetic products. Besides direct addition of antimicrobial biomolecules, the addition of living bioprotective bacteria such as probiotic lactic acid bacteria (LAB) is a promising approach. Franco-Bulgarian ESCAPE project ambition is to identify synergistic combinations of such probiotic LAB and plant extracts for the preservation of food or cosmetic emulsions. The methodology and the relevant scientific questions (application of hurdle technology principles, selection of plant extracts not affecting LAB growth/viability and antimicrobial activity, distribution of LAB and antimicrobial metabolites in the different phases of emulsions, effect of LAB and plant extracts on emulsions stability…) to tackle this objective are presented and discussed.

Rosmarinic acid (RA), an ester of caffeic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenyllactic acid, is a potent radical scavenger, a chelator of prooxidant ions, and an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation. RA-containing extracts are widely used natural antioxidants in food products, and many herbal preparations and food supplements, containing RA, are marketed with claims of beneficial health effects. The current study investigated the effectiveness of subcritical water extraction (SWE) for the recovery of RA from lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), as a “green” alternative to conventional hydro-alcoholic extraction. Different durations (10 min and 20 min) and extraction temperatures (100 °C and 150 °C) were applied. Subcritical water applied at a temperature of 100 °C was equally efficient as 50% ethanol in extracting RA. However, the further elevation of temperature to 150 °C decreased RA content by up to 20% due to thermal degradation. The content of RA in dried extracts was between 2.36% and 5.55% and the higher temperature of SWE increased extract yield by up to 41%. The higher extraction yield resulted from the degradation of plant material by subcritical water as evidenced by the increased extraction and degradation of proteins, pectin, and cellulose. These results reveal that SWE is an efficient technology for the extraction of RA and other antioxidants from lemon balm at reduced extraction time and without the use of toxic organic solvents. Furthermore, by modification of SWE conditions, dry extracts with different purity and content of RA are obtained. These extracts could be used in the food industry as food antioxidants, or in the development of food supplements and functional foods.