Increased concentrations of heavy metals in ash can adversely affect the microbiological and pedogenetic processes in soil. The aim of this paper is to determine the impact of ash from unburned coal generated in the Kostolac and Gacko coal basins on the quality of soil in the surrounding environment. The investigation included the surface soil layer that was sampled and tested during 2016 and 2017. A total of 30 samples of Kostolac soil and 9 samples of Gacko soil were analyzed for the content of 8 heavy metals: Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, Hg, As, Cr and Ni. The analyses were carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) technique according to the EPA 6020A method and the following conclusions were made: Kostolac coal ash affects the quality of the surrounding soil in terms of Ni, Cu and Cr as evidenced by the moderately strong correlation of the Ni-Cu pair (k = 0.71), as well as the Cu-Cr pair (k = 0.73) and strong correlation of the Ni-Cr pair (k = 0.82), while the high recorded concentration of Pb, Hg, As and Zn is attributed to other sources of pollution, such as the traffic network and intensive farming activities, and in some cases, its impact is only local. All recorded concentrations of heavy metals are within the remediation values. The effect of ash on soil contamination in the surroundings of the Gacko coal basin is limited to Ni and Cd, with a strong correlation coefficient of this pair (k = 0.82). The recorded overrun of maximum allowed concentration of Cr is evidenced in only 2 samples, and in terms of this element the contamination of the Gacko soil can be considered to be local. It is concluded that prevailing winds play a part in soil pollution. Cluster analysis showed that Ni, Cr and Zn have very similar values in analyzed soil samples from both basins, while a cluster composed of only Hg, in the case of Gacko, indicates lower contamination with Hg compared to the other heavy metals.
SažetakIstraživanja su obavljena u 2011. i 2012. godine na dvije lokacije i to: na oglednom polju Poljoprivrednog instituta RS i mjestu Stranjani kod Banja Luke. Na lokaciji Stranjani ogled je postavljen u mladom zasadu kruške, a na lokaciji Delibašino Selo u oglednom mješovitom zasadu više voćnih vrsta (šljiva, kajsija, breskva). U ovim istraživanjima korišćene su 4 namjenski kreirane travne smješe i engleski ljulj. Ogledi su postavljeni u četiri ponavljanja na smeđe-dolinskom zemljištu i smonici. Na lokaciji Delibašino Selo primjenjen je klasičan način obrade, a na lokaciji Stranjani redukovana obrada zemljišta. Prije sjetve na obje lokacije u zemljište je unijet hidrogel. Tokom dvogodišnjih istaživanja praćen je: floristički sastav, prinos zelene i suve mase, broj mulčiranja, pokrovnost-gustina usjeva, sadržaj vlage u zemljištu i analiziran je satav biljne mase prvog otkosa. Prinos zelene i suve mase u prvom otkosu 2011. godine, na lokaciji Delibašino Selo, bio je kod svih ispitivanih varijanti veći na površinama gdje je primjenjen hidrogel. Na lokaciji gdje je primjenjena redukovana obrada zemljišta, u zelenoj biomasi prvog otkosa udio drugih biljnih vrste bio je veći tokom obje godine ispitvanja. Najbolja pokrovnost na lokaciji Delibašino Selo ostvarena je sa smješom TS/1, a na lokaciji Stranjani sa smješom TS/4.Ključne riječi: travne smješe, engleski ljulj, redukovana obrada, hidrogel, mulčiranje, pokrovnost UvodZatravljivanje međurednog prostora u voćnjacima ima veliku primjenu u savremenoj voćarskoj proizvodnji. Preporučuje se za zasade voća gde je obezbjeđeno navodnjavanje, kao i za zasade bez navodnjavanja, ukoliko je dovoljna količina i dobar raspored padavina u toku godine. Ovaj način održavanja zemljišta u voćnjacima
This paperwork presents the three-year research results on impacts of different agricultural practices on the growth and development of winter wheat(Triticumaestivum L.), on meliorated deposol in the process of reclamationin Stanari mine. The aim of the research is to determine the impacts of different doses of fertilizers and varieties to yieldand quality of wheat.Fieldthree-factor experiment was set up according to the randomized block design with four replications. The first factor (A) is year. The second factor(M) is variety. The third factor (K) representsagromeliorative measures fertilizations. Measurement and statistically analysis of plant height, seed yield and 1000 grain weight has been performed. The maximum measured height of wheat plants was 82 cm and average height was 66,2 cm. Maximum seed yield was 6,28 t/ha, with the average 2,66 t/ha. The average value of 1000 grain is 35 g and the maximum value of 44 g. The highest meanvaluesof plant height and seed yield weremeasured at doses of fertilizers N60+40P60K60. The highest mean values of mass of 1000 grain were measured at doses of fertilizers N60+90P60K60. Achieved results show that the winter wheat can be grown on meliorated deposol of Stanari mine overburden disposal.
SažetakPovršinska eksploatacija, kao način intenzivne eksploatacije ležišta mineralnih sirovina, a pogotovo uglja, je visoko razvijena oblast privrede, pa su intenzivna i oštećenja koja dovode do gubitka funkcije produktivnog sloja zemljišta. Biološka rekultivacija deposola treba da smanji štetne posljedice nastale eksploatacijom. Brojnost pojedinih sistematskih i fizioloških grupa mikroorganizama i njihova aktivnost daju korelativnu informaciju o biološkoj aktivnosti zemljišta. Na lokalitetu odlagališta otkrivke u rudniku Stanari, u 2011. god. izvršena je sjetva travnodjetelinske smješe u prethodno obrađeni deposol. Cilj istraživanja je da se na osnovu zastupljenosti pojedinih grupa mikroorganizama i aktivnosti enzima dehidrogenaze sagleda biološka aktivnost deposola u procesu biološke rekultivacije. Opšta biološka aktivnost deposola u procesu rekultivacije određena je na osnovu ukupnog broja bakterija, zastupljenosti azotobaktera, amonifikatora, oligonitrofila, aktinomiceta i gljiva i aktivnosti enzima dehidrogenaze. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na veću brojnost i dehidrogenaznu aktivnost deposola u procesu biološke rekultivacije u odnosu na deposol (kontrola).
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