The plasma electrolysis method using N2 and O2 injection is an effective and environmentally friendly solution for nitrogen fixation into nitrate and ammonia. The reaction pathway, the effect of the N2 and O2 gas injection composition are important parameters in understanding the mechanism and effectiveness of these processes. This study aims to determine the formation pathway of nitrate and ammonia by observing the formation and role of reactive species as well as intermediate compounds. Two reaction pathways of NOx and ammonia formation have been observed. The NOx compound formed in the solution was oxidized by •OH to NO2, followed by the production of a stable nitrate compound. The ammonium produced from the ammonia pathway was generated from nitrogen reacting with •H from H2O. The amount of NH3 formed was lesser compared to the NOx compounds in the liquid and gas phases. This indicates that the NOx pathway is more dominant than that of ammonia. The gas injection test with a ratio of N2/O2 = 79/21 was the most effective for nitrate formation compared to another ratio. The results of the emission intensity measurement test show that the reactive species •N, •N2*,•N2 + , •OH, and •O have a significant role in the nitrate formation through the NOx pathway, while the reactive species •N and •H lead to the formation of NH3. The highest nitrate product was obtained at a ratio of N2/O2: 79/21 by 1889 mg L -1 , while the highest ammonia product reached 31.5 mg L -1 at 100% N2 injection.
In the plasma electrolysis process, hydrogen generation around the cathode is affected by the amount of evaporation energy. Utilizing a veil, minimizing the cooling in the liquid phase, and maximizing the cooling in the gas phase become important parameters to improve the process efficiency of hydrogen production. This research aims to obtain an optimum high-efficiency electrolysis plasma reactor based on decreased energy consumption and increased hydrogen gas production. The research method varied the NaOH concentration, voltage, veil length, cathode depth, and the volume of the methanol additive. In characterizing the current and voltage, as the concentration increases, the voltage needed to form the plasma will decrease. As the concentration and voltage increase, the rate of production, hydrogen content percentage, and the hydrogen ratio also increase, while the energy consumption decreases. The optimum condition, based on variations of veil length, is 5 cm when the depth of the cathode is 1 cm below the surface of the solution. Improving the efficiency of the hydrogen production process can be done by adding methanol. The best result was achieved using 15% volumes of methanol additive in 0.01 M NaOH, and higher hydrogen-ratio plasma-electrolysis results were found in comparison with Faraday electrolysis: the hydrogen ratio was 151.88 mol/mol, the lowest energy consumption was 0.89 kJ/mmol, and the highest hydrogen production rate was 31.45 mmol/min. The results show that this method can produce hydrogen 152 times more than Faraday electrolysis.
Nitrogen is one of the essential nutrients for plants. Even though its availability in the air is abundant, it cannot be utilized yet due to its structure. Plasma electrolysis by air injection is effectively degrade organic textile dyes waste. In this study we propose a novel air plasma electrolysis (APE) where direct air injection into plasma zone inside electrolysis plasma can converts air into nitrate, while simultaneously the degradation of dyes waste produces organic nitrogen. Degradation of organic textile dye by APE can also transform nitrogen-rich organic wastewater into nitrogen fertilizers. In this experiment, Remazol red as a compound in the azo dye group was used as a model for organic textile dye wastewater. Air plasma electrolysis reactor equipped with a stainless-steel cathode, a tungsten anode, with various air injection rates and electric power. The results show 99.82% Remazol red degradation and 41.41 mmol of nitrate production. Preliminary efficacy tests on tomato plants showed that the nitrogen fertilizers produced from Remazol red produce the best plant growth. This study shows that APE simultaneously reduces organic textile dye waste, transforms them into potential organic fertilizer, and at the same time, synthesizes nitrates.
Magnetic field effect on CaCO 3 precipitation is the key parameter in evaluating the effectiveness of Anti-scale Magnetic Treatment (AMT). The purpose of this study was to investigate magnetic fields influence on CaCO 3 precipitation in high and low super-saturated CaCO 3 solution by varied pH CaCO 3 solution using circulation flow fluid system. The observation results in the high super saturated solution (pH 8.5) showed the increase of precipited CaCO 3 in magnetized solutions compared to those in non-magnetic solution during circulation process. In the low super-saturated CaCO 3 solution (pH 6.4) it was found that magnetic treatment increased CaCO 3 precipitation after circulation process. In high super-saturated solution, magnetic field strengthens ion interactions, which reduce precipitation during circulation process. However, in low super-saturated CaCO 3 solution, magnetic field weakens hydrate ion interaction which indicated by decreasing of the conductivity of solution. It increases the precipitation of CaCO 3 after the circulation of magnetization process has completed.
AbstrakPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengamati karakteristik kerosin secara eksitu setelah magnetisasi sistim dua kutub yang saling berlawanan (dipole) dan berhadapan satu dengan yang lain. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa teknik magnetisasi memberikan perubahan pada karakteristik kerosin. Kepolaran dan viskositas secara berturut-turut diamati dengan pengukuran indeks refraksi dan viskositas. Pemberian medan magnet sebesar 4330 Gauss dengan lama magnetisasi 60 menit memberikan peningkatan indeks refraksi dari 1,447 menjadi -1,449 serta menurunkan nilai viskositas dari 1,278 menjadi 1,256. Hal ini memperkuat kemungkinan terjadinya declustering serta peningkatan kepolaran pada molekul penyusun kerosin. Perubahan yang terjadi tidak sampai mengakibatkan terjadinya perubahan komposisi dan struktur. Hal ini diindikasikan dengan hasil pengujian kromatografi gas dan spektroskopi infra merah. AbstractDipole Magnetization Effect to Kerosene Characteristics. Investigation of kerosene characteristics has been done by ex-situ dipole magnetization. The results show that magnetization technique can be able to influence kerosene characteristics. Polarity and viscosity of the kerosene are observed by measuring refractive index and viscosity. An hour of 4330 Gauss flux magnetic will increase refractive index from 1.447 to 1.449 and decrease the viscosity from 1.278 to 1.256. Those changing support de-clustering occurrence and polarity increment of kerosene molecule. Gas chromatography and infrared result show that those changing do not alter kerosene structure and composition.
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