The plasma electrolysis method using N2 and O2 injection is an effective and environmentally friendly solution for nitrogen fixation into nitrate and ammonia. The reaction pathway, the effect of the N2 and O2 gas injection composition are important parameters in understanding the mechanism and effectiveness of these processes. This study aims to determine the formation pathway of nitrate and ammonia by observing the formation and role of reactive species as well as intermediate compounds. Two reaction pathways of NOx and ammonia formation have been observed. The NOx compound formed in the solution was oxidized by •OH to NO2, followed by the production of a stable nitrate compound. The ammonium produced from the ammonia pathway was generated from nitrogen reacting with •H from H2O. The amount of NH3 formed was lesser compared to the NOx compounds in the liquid and gas phases. This indicates that the NOx pathway is more dominant than that of ammonia. The gas injection test with a ratio of N2/O2 = 79/21 was the most effective for nitrate formation compared to another ratio. The results of the emission intensity measurement test show that the reactive species •N, •N2*,•N2 + , •OH, and •O have a significant role in the nitrate formation through the NOx pathway, while the reactive species •N and •H lead to the formation of NH3. The highest nitrate product was obtained at a ratio of N2/O2: 79/21 by 1889 mg L -1 , while the highest ammonia product reached 31.5 mg L -1 at 100% N2 injection.
Shrimp shells consisting of head and skin can be extracted to get a filtrate that is rich in protein and delicious taste. The shrimp shell powder is refluxed in 2 stages, the first without enzymes and followed by the reflux stage with enzymatic bromelain. The function of enzymatic extraction is to get a protein that has more shrimp flavor. The filtrate without and with the enzyme are made into filtrate then added with flour and spices to become shrimp flavoring powder. Products analyzed and tested are shrimp flavor and filtrate. Tests carried out were tests of protein content, water content, analysis with FTIR, GCMS, and TEM. The results of the filtrate contain 24.6% total protein in the condition of adding bromelain enzymes as much as 2% (b / b) at 55 °C. Analysis of functional groups flavoring consist of amines, carboxylic acids, alcohols and phenols, amides, and sulfates. The powder is evenly distributed (not agglomerated) between 1-8 nm with a dominant diameter of 6 nm of 26.1%.
Phenolic compounds are pollutants which have high toxicity and could be harmful to the environment even at low concentrations. The degradation of phenolic has been conducted by various methods including photocatalytic and ozonation. However, these methods require high costs and large energy. Therefore, plasma electrolysis by the Fenton reaction may be an alternative method for phenol degradation. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimum conditions for phenol degradation by adding Fe2+ ions. The result shows that the most effective phenol degradation was obtained by using an optimum power of 700 watts with an air injection flow rate of 0.2 L/min and addition Fe2+ 20 ppm ions for 30 min experiments. Based on these conditions, the concentration of phenol in waste was reduced to 0.425 mg/L and the highest percentage of phenol degradation (99.58%) was observed. The final phenol concentrations obtained in this study met the quality standards for clean water at a concentration of 1 mg/L as well as the quality standards for drinking water treatment at a concentration of 0.5 mg/L.
Synthesis of biodiesel using plasma electrolysis is very promising. This study aims to understand the differences between cathodic and anodic plasma performance in synthesizing biodiesel from palm oil. The raw materials used were palm oil, methanol, and KOH catalyst. In the present study, the effects of the type of plasma and the depth of an electrode for biodiesel synthesis were evaluated. The results show that cathodic plasma gave the highest yield of 98.76% and the lowest specific energy consumption of 720 J/ml. Meanwhile, under the same conditions, the anodic plasma gave the highest yield of 96.09% and the lowest specific energy consumption of 910 J/ml. These results indicate that cathodic plasma is better than anodic plasma in synthesizing biodiesel because it gives higher yield and lowers specific energy consumption.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.