Chapter 3 Voltage Adjustment of Unbalanced LV Feeder with Rooftop PVs Using OLTC Transformer ………………….. 3.1 Recent Studies …………………………………………………………. 3.2 Case Studies under Consideration ……………………………………... 3.2.1 Majority of installed PVs at the beginning buses of the feeder ... 3.2.2 Majority of installed PVs at the middle and end buses of the feeder …………………………………………………………... 3.2.3 All houses of phase-A have rooftop single-phase rooftop PVs ... 3.2.4 All houses of phase-B have rooftop single-phase rooftop PVs ... 3.2.5 Random Location of PVs for 30 Houses Network over a 24-hr period …………………………………………………………... 3.3 Simulation Results of Developed Case Studies ……………………….. 3.4 Summary ………………………………………………………………. Chapter 4 Reactive Power Support of Rooftop PVs for Voltage Regulation of Unbalanced LV Feeder ………………………. 4.1 Recent Studies …………………………………………………………. 4.2 Simulation Results of Developed Case Studies ……………………….. 4.3 Limitation of the Voltage Regulation by Reactive Power Support Method. vii 4.4 Summary ………………………………………………………………. Chapter 5 Voltage Unbalance Reduction of Unbalanced LV Feeder by Active Power Curtailment of Rooftop PV Inverters ……………………………………………………… 5.1 Recent Studies …………………………………………………………. 5.2 Simulation Results of Developed Case Studies ……………………….. 5.3 Limitation of the Voltage Unbalance Reduction by Active Power Curtailment Method …………………………………………………… 5.4 Summary ………………………………………………………………. Chapter 6 Coordination of Single-Phase Rooftop PVs in Unbalanced Three-phase Residential Feeders for Voltage Profiles Improvement ……………………………… 6.1 Stochastic Evaluation of Proposed Methods …………………………... 6.2 Simulation Results of the Coordination of the Proposed Methods ……. 6.3 Limitation of the Coordination of the Proposed Methods ……………...
Utilization of rooftop photovoltaic cells (PVs) in residential feeders without controlling their ratings and locations may deteriorate the overall grid performance including power flows, losses and voltage profiles. This paper investigates different methods for regulating the voltage profile and reducing the voltage unbalance at low voltage residential feeders. The algorithm considers reactive power exchange and active power curtailment of the single-phase rooftop PVs. In addition, it is assumed that the distribution transformers have on-load tap changers and can automatically control the voltage to prevent voltage rise in the feeder. The main objectives of the discussed methods are to regulate the voltage profiles and reduce the voltage unbalance. MATLAB-based simulation results demonstrate effectiveness of the discussed approaches.
Installation of single-phase rooftop photovoltaic (PV) systems in low voltage (LV) residential feeders without controlling their ratings and locations may deteriorate the overall grid performance including reversed power flows, high losses and unacceptable voltage profiles. Therefore, in recent years the utilities have adopted limitations on the maximum allowable number of PVs in LV networks. To overcome these issues, this paper investigates the performance of a communication-based and intelligent voltage profile regulating technique under a Monte Carlo-based stochastic framework. This technique is applicable for LV residential feeders with single-phase rooftop PVs and relies on the availability of smart meters along the LV feeder to transmit phase voltage measurements to the controllers of the PV inverters. The objective of the voltage regulation technique is to minimize voltage unbalance along the feeder. The effectiveness of the voltage regulation technique are investigated in this paper by the help of MATLAB-based simulation studies.
Sunlight is one of the very abundant energy. In its use, many things can be applied such as converting the sunlight into electrical energy with the help of solar cells. In this research, 4 solar cells are used with a capacity of 1000 wp, so in a day they are able to produce 28,000 watts of electricity. This is a very potential electrical energy because it is commonly used to facilitate the process of refining essential oils. The results and the quality of oil obtained in refining research by utilizing sunlight using solar cells shows that the refining time of 6 hours is the best time for the refining process, while the 1 day drying time is better than 2 and 3 days. This is consistent with the oil yield obtained. The yield that has been produced is tested based on Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 2385-2006 through density and Bias Index tests.
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