Drought stress affects yield formation and quality of sugar beet. The aim of this study was to identify the growing period, in which drought stress has the greatest impact on growth, and furthermore, to analyze the response of different sugar beet genotypes. Causes for a different response should be identified. In pot experiments in the greenhouse, drought stress was simulated by reducing irrigation to 60% of the water holding capacity (WHC) for four weeks at various growth stages followed by re-watering. Growth reduction was greatest when drought stress occurred early in the season: the content of the quality-determining non-sugars was highest, sugar yield and beet diameter were lowest. Responses of the genotypes in sugar yield, but primarily in the accumulation of osmotically active substances differed. Despite re-watering after drought stress the restrictions could not be compensated during growth. The transpiration coefficient of the drought-stressed treatments was only slightly different to the control, because water consumption in the control did not either increase at average air temperatures beyond 23 °C. The strong effect of early drought stress could be attributed to the high growth rates, so that a limited water supply affected yield formation more than at later growth stages. The storage losses of sugar beet genotypes are closely related to damage during harvest and subsequent infestation with mould and rots. Genetic variation for storability seems to be primarily linked to textural properties of the roots such as the resistance against mechanical damage. However, no information is available about the tissue strength, tissue composition and structural organization leading to an enhanced resistance against damage and pathogen attack. Therefore, the aims of the study were the identification of genotypic differences concerning tissue strength of the beet, the relation to damage and pathogen infestation and the underlying physiological basis of tissue strength. Field trials were carried out with 6 genotypes at 2 locations in 2018. The roots were harvested in August and November. After harvest in November, a storage trial was carried out. The root strength increased from August to November. Beets with a high puncture resistance of the periderm also had a firm inner tissue. Genotypic differences in puncture resistance were not affected by the harvest time, indicating that this trait is stable throughout the growing period. A higher puncture resistance of the beet was related to a lower mould growth during storage. Genotypes with varying tissue strength also differed in fiber content (AIR), but the composition of AIR was stable over genotypes. The number of cambium rings seems not to essentially influence the tissue strength of the beet. In the further course of the project, microscopic analyzes will clarify, whether genotypic differences in tissue strength can be attributed to cell size or cell wall thickness.
Basierend auf der aktuell praxisüblichen Unkrautbekämpfung, zusammengestellt aus Ergebnissen einer langjährigen Betriebsbefragung zur Produktionstechnik im Zuckerrübenanbau, wird abgeleitet, welche Veränderungen der betrieblichen Herbizidstrategien mit dem Einsatz von Conviso One verbunden sein können. Eine chemische Unkrautbekämpfung erfolgt im konventionellen Zuckerrübenanbau auf allen Flächen und wird auf einem Teil der Flächen durch maschinelle mechanische Verfahren und Handarbeit ergänzt. Feldversuche zeigten, dass Conviso One über ein breites Wirkungsspektrum und eine lange Wirkungsdauer verfügt. Die Erwartungen an das System aus Herbizid und toleranter Sorte (Conviso Smart) sind, dass typische Probleme der praxisüblichen Unkrautbekämpfung besser gelöst werden können, wie beispielsweise beim Auftreten von Unkraut- rüben, Raps/Ausfallraps oder verschiedenen Knöterich- oder Hirse-Arten. Dies sind Voraussetzungen, um die Anzahl an Herbizidmaßnahmen zu reduzieren und die Intensität des Herbizideinsatzes insgesamt zu verringern. Wie deutlich diese Reduktion ausfällt ist abhängig davon, wie verbreitet Conviso One angewendet wird und wie umfangreich weitere Herbizide mit Conviso One kombiniert werden. Monetäre Einsparungen für einen Zuckerrüben anbauenden Betrieb resultieren aus der verringerten Anzahl der Überfahrten, veränderten Direktkosten für Herbizide und dem Verzicht auf einen arbeitsintensiven Einsatz von Maschinen- oder Handhacke. Grundsätzlich ist das Risiko für einen verstärkten Selektionsdruck auf Unkräuter, die bereits in Getreidefruchtfolgen auffällig sind, zu berücksichtigen. Über 75% der befragten Betriebe nannten Getreide als Fruchtart sowohl vor wie auch nach Zuckerrüben, was die Notwendigkeit einer Fruchtfolge-übergreifenden Herbizidstrategie unterstreicht.
Mechanical properties of sugar beet roots are related to their damage susceptibility and storability. For selection in breeding, it is beneficial to identify stable traits that can be measured in young plants. Ten genotypes, nine sugar beet and one fodder beet, were grown in the field (harvest in August and November) and in the glasshouse for 14 weeks. The puncture resistance was measured using a texture analyser. Furthermore, the dry matter content was determined. Genotypic differences in puncture resistance of sugar beet roots could be determined in early growth stages and showed no relevant interaction to environment/growing conditions. The puncture resistance was closely related to the dry matter content of the root. Genotypic differences in puncture resistance are independent of growing conditions (field/glasshouse) and age of the plants (harvest date/growth stage). Puncture resistance is thus a potential trait for selection of genotypes with a high tissue strength. The dry matter content was identified as an easy‐to‐measure parameter for the preselection of genotypes.
The embryonic stage of development is defined as the period between fertilization and the establishment of most of the organ systems by the end of this period. Development in this stage is rapid. In many mammalian species, particularly in humans, the interval between fertilization and implantation is exactly determined and continuous without intermission. However, European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) embryos undergo a reversible retardation of development. This interesting reproduction strategy is called embryonic diapause (delayed implantation). After this period of embryonic arrest, development continues without further interruption. The aim of this study was to investigate embryonic development after diapause in European roe deer. Because of the embryonic diapause and the unknown date of fertilization, it was impossible to assign the embryos to a certain gestational age (days). This study describes normal stages of embryonic development mainly based on the external morphological traits of 56 well-preserved post-implantation roe deer embryos and attempts to assign the embryos to certain development stages. Carnegie stages of human embryos were used as an orientation for staging roe deer embryos. We observed a considerable range of variation of embryonic stages investigated until the end of January. We found post-implantation stages of embryonic development already at the end of December and foetuses at the end of January. Moreover, assigning the embryos to a particular stage of development allows the comparison between pairs of twins and triplets. We showed that twins and triplets were always at the same development level, despite the discrepancy in inter-twin and inter-triplet size.
BACKGROUND The assessment of the environmental risks for pesticides is a current topic of the European Union (EU) strategy ‘Farm to Fork’. Therefore, an analysis of the status quo of pesticide use from 2010 to 2015 and the associated environmental risks was performed for sugar beet cultivation in Germany. Based on this assessment, crop protection strategies should be developed that contribute to risk reduction. RESULTS Pesticide use data from 2314 randomly chosen sugar beet growing farms were available from annual farm surveys from 2010 until 2015. Possible environmental risks from pesticide applications were calculated with the model SYNOPS‐GIS. Each pesticide application pattern was combined with several model fields. The concentrations of active ingredients in the non‐target compartments, namely soil, neighboring surface waters and field margins, were used to determined risk indices (exposure toxicity ratios, ETRs) for different terrestrial and aquatic reference species. ETRs were mainly lower than a risk threshold used throughout this study (ETR = 1). The risks caused by herbicide use were studied in more detail since herbicides are applied on nearly all fields. The aquatic risks posed by herbicides were independent of specific active ingredients or application patterns. Instead, certain combinations of active ingredients, application dates and field‐specific environmental conditions provoked higher risks. The aquatic risks were strongly influenced by the distance of the fields to surface waters. CONCLUSIONS Further risk mitigation seems possible by combining field‐specific measures and technical options. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Im Zuckerrübenbau kommt der Unkrautbekämpfung eine große Rolle für die Ertragssicherung zu. Das Spektrum der zur Verfügung stehenden herbiziden Wirkstoffe ist seit Jahrzehnten fast unverändert. In dieser Studie wurden die praxisüblichen Herbizidstrategien anhand von Daten aus einer 2010–2015 jährlich durchgeführten Betriebsbefragung abgeleitet. Es sind nur wenige Wirkstoffe, die die Grundlage der praxisüblichen Herbizidstrategien bilden. Diese werden nahezu flächendeckend angewendet. Die Intensität des Pflanzenschutzes wird nur in geringem Umfang von betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen wie Betriebs- oder Schlaggröße bestimmt. Auch bei sachgerechter Anwendung von Pflanzenschutzmitteln kann es unter ungünstigen Bedingungen zu Umweltrisiken kommen, die im Rahmen des Zulassungsprozesses nicht abschätzbar sind. Um möglichst vielfältige Umwelt-bedingungen und praxisübliche Applikationsmuster berücksichtigen zu können, wurden in der Studie aquatische und terrestrische Umweltrisiken anhand der Befragungsdaten mit dem Modell SYNOPS-GIS simuliert. In über 95% der Fälle lagen die Risikowerte im tolerablen Bereich. Dies zeigt, dass die derzeit angewandten Herbizidstrategien insgesamt als risikoarm einzuordnen sind.
Background Cell characteristics, including cell type, size, shape, packing, cell-to-cell-adhesion, intercellular space, and cell wall thickness, influence the physical characteristics of plant tissues. Genotypic differences were found concerning damage susceptibility related to beet texture for sugar beet (Beta vulgaris). Sugar beet storage roots are characterized by heterogeneous tissue with several cambium rings surrounded by small-celled vascular tissue and big-celled sugar-storing parenchyma between the rings. This study presents a procedure for phenotyping heterogeneous tissues like beetroots by imaging. Results Ten Beta genotypes (nine sugar beet and one fodder beet) were included to establish a workflow for the automated histologic evaluation of cell characteristics and tissue arrangement using digital image processing written in the programming language R. The identification of cells has been validated by comparison with manual cell identification. Cells are reliably discriminated from intercellular spaces, and cells with similar morphological features are assigned to biological tissue types. Conclusions Genotypic differences in cell diameter and cell arrangement can straightforwardly be phenotyped by the presented workflow. The presented routine can further identify genotypic differences in cell diameter and cell arrangement during early growth stages and between sugar storage capabilities.
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