Magnesium (Mg) deficiency in plants is a widespread problem affecting productivity and quality in agricultural systems and forestry. Although numerous studies addressed the effect of Mg deficiency on biomass and photosynthetic CO 2 assimilation, a summary evaluation of the effect of Mg supply on plant growth and photosynthesis is so far missing. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to collect and combine all relevant scientifically published data on the relationship between Mg nutrition and parameters that can be related to plant growth such as root and shoot biomass, harvestable yield, net CO 2 assimilation and antioxidant enzyme activities. Moreover, this data pool was used to calculate critical Mg leaf concentrations for biomass and net CO 2 assimilation for various plant species. Summarizing all studies included in our analysis, adequate Mg supply enhances net CO 2 assimilation by 140%, leading to a biomass increase of 61% compared to Mg deficient control plants. Biomass partitioning between shoot and root is not only sensitive to Mg nutrition, but highly affected by the experimental cultivation technique. If plants are grown under adequate Mg supply during initial growth stages before exposing them to Mg deficiency, the shoot-root ratio was not affected. Otherwise, the shoot-root ratio significantly decreased in contrast to Mg deficient control plants. Concentration of reactive oxygen species decreased under adequate Mg supply by 31% compared to Mg deficient plants, resulting in decreased activities of most antioxidant enzymes and metabolites under adequate Mg supply. We combined all published data relating leaf Mg concentrations to growth and found a critical leaf Mg range for dry weight between 0.1 and 0.2% which was valid for numerous crop species such as wheat, potato, rice, maize, sorghum and barley. Critical leaf Mg concentrations for net CO 2 assimilation were higher than for biomass for most species, e.g., potato, rice, citrus, and cotton. In conclusion, our evaluation can be used to identify Mg nutritional status in plants and may help to optimize fertilization strategies. It quantifies the demand of Mg for various crop and tree species for maintaining important physiological processes such as net CO 2 assimilation that is required for optimal plant growth and yield.
Potassium (K) fertilization is important to maintain adequate concentrations of plant available K in agricultural soils to achieve best yields and improve crop stress tolerance and water-use efficiency (WUE). Water-use efficiency (WUE) can be expressed on various spatiotemporal scales, and it is known that responses of WUE to external stress are not uniform across scales. Multiscale evaluations of the impact of varying K fertilization on the WUE of C 3 crops under field conditions are missing so far. In the present field study, we evaluated effects of K fertilization on WUE of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) on short-termed leaf-(WUE Leaf ) and canopy-scales (WUE Canopy ) and as the agronomic ratio of white sugar yield (WSY) to in-season water use (i.e. WUE WSY ). In K-fertilized plots, WUE WSY was enhanced by 15.9%. This effect is attributed to increased beet yield and WSY, as no differences in total in-season water use between fertilized and unfertilized plots were observed. Potassium (K) fertilization significantly enhanced the leaf area index, resulting in a more efficient depletion of soil moisture by roots in K-fertilized plots. As a consequence, WUE Leaf was increased due to stomatal adjustment. Potassium (K) improved WUECanopy only by tendency. It is concluded that K fertilization improves the WUE of field-grown sugar beet across scales, but processes that regulate WUE are highly scale dependent.
Basierend auf der aktuell praxisüblichen Unkrautbekämpfung, zusammengestellt aus Ergebnissen einer langjährigen Betriebsbefragung zur Produktionstechnik im Zuckerrübenanbau, wird abgeleitet, welche Veränderungen der betrieblichen Herbizidstrategien mit dem Einsatz von Conviso One verbunden sein können. Eine chemische Unkrautbekämpfung erfolgt im konventionellen Zuckerrübenanbau auf allen Flächen und wird auf einem Teil der Flächen durch maschinelle mechanische Verfahren und Handarbeit ergänzt. Feldversuche zeigten, dass Conviso One über ein breites Wirkungsspektrum und eine lange Wirkungsdauer verfügt. Die Erwartungen an das System aus Herbizid und toleranter Sorte (Conviso Smart) sind, dass typische Probleme der praxisüblichen Unkrautbekämpfung besser gelöst werden können, wie beispielsweise beim Auftreten von Unkraut- rüben, Raps/Ausfallraps oder verschiedenen Knöterich- oder Hirse-Arten. Dies sind Voraussetzungen, um die Anzahl an Herbizidmaßnahmen zu reduzieren und die Intensität des Herbizideinsatzes insgesamt zu verringern. Wie deutlich diese Reduktion ausfällt ist abhängig davon, wie verbreitet Conviso One angewendet wird und wie umfangreich weitere Herbizide mit Conviso One kombiniert werden. Monetäre Einsparungen für einen Zuckerrüben anbauenden Betrieb resultieren aus der verringerten Anzahl der Überfahrten, veränderten Direktkosten für Herbizide und dem Verzicht auf einen arbeitsintensiven Einsatz von Maschinen- oder Handhacke. Grundsätzlich ist das Risiko für einen verstärkten Selektionsdruck auf Unkräuter, die bereits in Getreidefruchtfolgen auffällig sind, zu berücksichtigen. Über 75% der befragten Betriebe nannten Getreide als Fruchtart sowohl vor wie auch nach Zuckerrüben, was die Notwendigkeit einer Fruchtfolge-übergreifenden Herbizidstrategie unterstreicht.
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