The immune response that expels the tapeworm Hymenolepis citelli from the small intestine of its host the white-footed deer mouse is genetically controlled. Patent infections with this tapeworm occur only in individuals that are homozygous for a recessive allele expressed at a single gene locus. By studying this natural host-parasite system in the laboratory it was shown that host genetics contributes to parasite overdispersion in a host population in the absence of all other ecological variables. Thus, the substantive influence of the proportions of resistant and susceptible genotypes in the host population must be considered when developing parasite population models of transmission or control measures.
The standard format for medical imaging storage and transmission is Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM). Nowadays, and specifically with large amounts of medical images acquired by modern modalities, the need for fast data transmission between DICOM application entities is evident. In some applications, particularly those aiming to provide real-time services, this demand is critical. This paper introduces a method which provides a fast and simple way of image transmission by utilizing the DICOM protocol. The current implementations of DICOM protocol usually care more about connecting DICOM application entities. In the process of connecting two DICOM application entities, the format of the transmission (Transfer Syntax) is agreed upon. In this crucial step, the two entities choose an encoding that is supported by both and if one entity does not support compression the other one cannot use that option. In the proposed method, we use a pair of interfaces to deal with this issue and provide a fast method for medical data transmission between any two DICOM application entities. These interfaces use both compression and multi-threading techniques to transfer the images. The interfaces can be used without any change to the current DICOM application entities. In fact, the interfaces listen to the incoming messages from the DICOM application entities, intercept the messages, and carry out the data transmission. The experimental results show about 22% speed-up in Local Area Networks (LANs) and about 13-14 times speed-up in Wide Area Networks (WANs).
The staggering number of images acquired by modern modalities requires new approaches for medical data transmission. There have been several attempts to improve data transmission time between medical imaging systems. These attempts were mostly based on compression. Although the compression methods can help in many cases, they are sometimes ineffectual in high-speed networks. This paper introduces parallelism to provide an effective method of medical data transmission over both local area network (LAN) and wide area network (WAN). It is based on the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) protocol and uses parallel TCP connections in storage services within the protocol. Using the proposed interface in our method, current medical imaging applications can take advantage of parallelism without any modification. Experimental results show a speedup of about 1.3 to 1.5 for CT images and relatively high speedup of about 2.2 to 3.5 times for magnetic resonance (MR) images over LAN. The transmission time is improved drastically over WAN. The speedup is about 16.1 for CT images and about 5.6 to 11.5 for MR images.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.