Although the pull method may lead to some neonatal complications, it is associated with lower maternal morbidity than the push method when used for impacted fetal head extraction during cesarean delivery.

We investigated the influence of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms and vitamin D level on the blood pressure and the risk of preeclampsia. In a case‐control study, 200 pregnant women, including 100 individuals with preeclampsia along with 100 healthy pregnant women, were studied for VDR FokI, TaqI, and BmsI polymorphisms and serum 25 (OH)‐D level using polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method and commercial kit, respectively. The mean level of 25 (OH)‐D in preeclamptic patients was significantly lower (16.6 ± 4.2 ng/mL, P < 0.001) compared with controls (19.6 ± 3.8 ng/mL). Among all women, a significantly higher systolic blood pressure and before‐pregnancy body mass index and also lower gestational age were observed in the presence of 25 (OH)‐D level < 20 ng/mL compared with the 20 to 30 ng/mL. A significantly higher frequency of VDR FokI C allele in preeclamptic patients (83%) than controls (74%) was associated with a 1.72‐fold increased risk of preeclampsia. In all the studied individuals, the systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly higher in the presence of the FokI CC genotype compared with the TC and TT+TC genotypes. Neither VDR Taq1 nor VDR BmsI was associated with the risk of preeclampsia. The haplotype FokI C, TaqI C and BmsI A (CCA) compared with haplotype CTG increased the risk of preeclampsia by 1.4‐fold (P = 0.33). Our study suggests an association between VDR FokI polymorphism and an insufficient serum level of 25 (OH)‐D with the risk of preeclampsia and also the influence of insufficient 25 (OH)‐D level and VDR FokI polymorphism on maternal factors, including blood pressure.

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Objective. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of vaginal flatus and some related risk factors in Iranian women. Methods. After conducting a pilot study, a sample size of 1000 subjects of 18 to 80 years was determined; of those 58 were unable to cooperate for various reasons. Age, parity, marital status, birth history, body mass index, and the weight of the largest newborn were collected. After a full gynecologic examination looking for pelvic organ prolapse, patients were asked about vaginal flatus and the frequency and time of occurrence. The results were studied using the chi-square test and independent t-test considering an alpha error of less than 0.05. Results. The prevalence of vaginal flatus was mainly 20% in this study, but embarrassment was observed in 5.7% of these women. 4% in the group were with no history of sexual contact (virgin). Vaginal flatus mostly started after vaginal delivery (45%) or spontaneously (34%); however, it was also reported after cesarean section and other pelvic operations. The most common activity leading to vaginal flatus was intercourse (54%); however, the time which had resulted in more inconvenience for the patients was during physical activities (92%). BMI and age were significantly lower in the patients (P < 0.0001). The grade of prolapse was lower in the patients (P < 0.0001). Conclusion. Low age, low body mass index, and vaginal delivery can affect the incidence of a noisy vagina.