There was no superiority of one of the medications over the other. We did not find any age-related effect on the efficacy of these medications as well.
Public attitudes toward cancer and cancer patients are an important factor affecting cancer control programs as well as quality of life and recovery of cancer patients. The issue has not been studied in Iran and the surrounding countries in the Middle East. This is the first report presented on the subject. These findings can be used by health policy makers, health managers, and clinicians for better practice.
Background
Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most important mental disorders in recent years. However, the effects of prenatal sleep disorders on the development of PPD among pregnant women have not been elucidated. This review aims to provide a summary of the literature evaluating the relation between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD.
Method
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase up to September 2020. All observational studies (cross‐sectional, case–control, and cohort) and studies that assessed the association between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD were included. Total sample of 36,873 women from 13 studies was entered to meta‐analysis. An aggregate effect size estimate (odds ratio) was generated using the comprehensive meta‐analysis software. A random effects model was set a priori. Heterogeneity and publication bias were examined using the standard meta‐analytic approaches.
Result
We found maternal sleep disorder increased odds of PPD (point estimate, 3.300; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.136–5.098; p < .001; n = 13). However, there was significant heterogeneity (Q, 131.250; df, 12; p < .001; I2, 90.857%). The estimated effect size was significant for all categorical studies. According to meta‐regression, no moderating factor (age and publication year) significantly mediated the estimated effect size.
Conclusion
We found a significant relationship between sleep disturbances during pregnancy and PPD. Women with sleep disorders are at an increased risk of developing PPD, which warrants screening pregnant mothers for sleep disturbances. Also, we found that the increasing age in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of PPD.
(WBFPRS): It is consisted of six faces showing the effect of the pain on individual's emotion. This instrument is widely used in pediatric researches and could get a score from 0 (no pain at all) to 5 (severe pain). For using this instrument, the child was asked to show the face that could better describe him/her during the episodes of pain (1). Children's Depression Inventory (CDI): This instrument is consisted of 27 items; each could be scored from 0 to 2 and includes 5 different subscales. This inventory would finally provide a total score ranged from 0 to 54 with higher scores indicative of more depressive symptoms (2).
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