Background
Postpartum depression (PPD) is one of the most important mental disorders in recent years. However, the effects of prenatal sleep disorders on the development of PPD among pregnant women have not been elucidated. This review aims to provide a summary of the literature evaluating the relation between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD.
Method
A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Embase up to September 2020. All observational studies (cross‐sectional, case–control, and cohort) and studies that assessed the association between sleep disorders during pregnancy and PPD were included. Total sample of 36,873 women from 13 studies was entered to meta‐analysis. An aggregate effect size estimate (odds ratio) was generated using the comprehensive meta‐analysis software. A random effects model was set a priori. Heterogeneity and publication bias were examined using the standard meta‐analytic approaches.
Result
We found maternal sleep disorder increased odds of PPD (point estimate, 3.300; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.136–5.098; p < .001; n = 13). However, there was significant heterogeneity (Q, 131.250; df, 12; p < .001; I2, 90.857%). The estimated effect size was significant for all categorical studies. According to meta‐regression, no moderating factor (age and publication year) significantly mediated the estimated effect size.
Conclusion
We found a significant relationship between sleep disturbances during pregnancy and PPD. Women with sleep disorders are at an increased risk of developing PPD, which warrants screening pregnant mothers for sleep disturbances. Also, we found that the increasing age in pregnancy was associated with increased risk of PPD.
ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine the effect of inhaling peppermint essence on pain relief and sleep quality after open-heart surgery.MethodsIn a double-blind randomised clinical trial carried out in Iran in 2020, 64 cardiac patients were selected by convenience sampling and randomly allocated to aromatherapy (n=32) and placebo (n=32) groups. The aromatherapy and control groups received inhaled aromatherapy using peppermint essence and distilled water, respectively. Data gathering tools were the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and St Mary’s Hospital Sleep Questionnaire. Data were analysed using an independent t-test, χ2test, Mann–Whitney U test and generalised estimating equation analysis.ResultsThe mean severity of pain in the aromatherapy and placebo groups was 3.22±0.88 and 4.56±0.90, respectively, which was a statistically significant difference (p=0.0001). The mean sleep scores after the intervention on day 1 were 20.10±4.90 and 25.76±6.36 in the aromatherapy and placebo groups, respectively, and 18.63±5.56 and 22.62±5.69, respectively, on day 2. The difference between the two groups was statistically significantly different after the intervention in terms of sleep quality (p<0.05).ConclusionAromatherapy attenuated pain and improved sleep quality after open-heart surgery. Peppermint essence aromatherapy is therefore recommended after surgery.
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