Background & objective The use of herbal medicines to treat common oral diseases increases rapidly. Recurrent aphthous stomatitis is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases, which has an unclear etiology and could lead to severe pain and dysfunction. Cinnamaldehyde is a major component of cinnamon bark oil. Biological properties of cinnamaldehyde, such as antioxidant, antitumor, antifungal, cytotoxic, and anti-mutational characteristics, have been identified. Considering the prevalence of recurrent aphthous stomatitis and the importance of using herbal resources for treatment, the present study aimed to evaluate the effect of mucosal adhesive patches containing Cinnamaldehyde on minor recurrent aphthous stomatitis lesions. Material & methods In this randomized, double-blind clinical trial, patients were divided into two groups. The intervention group received three daily mucosal adhesive patches to be used in the morning, afternoon, and night. The control group also did the same with a placebo. To evaluate the healing and determine the diameter of the lesions, patients were clinically examined on days zero, 3, 5, and 7. The VAS scale evaluated pain at baseline and after each meal for seven days. The Fisher's exact test, t-test, Shapiro Wilk test, Friedman test, and the Mann–Whitney test were used to analyze the data using the SPSS 20 software. Results There was no statistically significant difference in the mean diameter of the inflammatory lesion and pain intensity in the two groups in the baseline (p > 0.05). However, the ulcer size was significantly reduced in the cinnamaldehyde group on the third, fifth, and seventh days of the study. Except for baseline, the mean pain intensity significantly decreased in the cinnamaldehyde group compared to the placebo group (p < 0.05). Conclusion Cinnamaldehyde mucoadhesive patches effectively reduced and improved aphthous lesions and pain intensity in patients and can be considered a treatment for RAS. Registration number: IRCT20180312039060N2—First registration date: 20/07/2018. The present study was registered as a retrospective study.
Introduction: Crouzon syndrome (CS), the most common craniosynostosis condition, which could lead to several developmental complications. This study aimed to review the different manifestations of CS. Material and Methods: In order to find the relevant articles, the databases of PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library were searched using the term “Craniofacial Dysostosis” and its relevant entry terms. All English-language articles regarding the CS were included in the study. After removing the duplicate articles, two authors independently screened the title and abstracts of the included articles. Disagreements were resolved through voting and discussion with the third author. Then full-text of articles were screened and the articles were categorized depending on regarding their main topic. Results: The search yielded 449 results in different databases. After removing the duplicates, 331 results remained. Then, 182 were excluded as not completely relevant by screening the abstracts. The remaining 149 studies were assessed for the eligibility criteria. Of them, 74 were excluded due to the following reasons: (1) unavailable full text; (2) discussing other types of craniosynostoses syndromes; and (3) not having clear results. Finally, 75 studies which were included in this study. Conclusion: CS is caused by mutations in the FGFR2 gene and is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. Diagnosis is based on the characteristic physical features, as well as imaging studies and genetic testing. Treatment involves surgery to correct the craniosynostosis and facial abnormalities. Early and appropriate treatment can help to improve the quality of life for affected individuals.
Background. Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is a common systemic autoimmune disease that affects oral health, and consequently oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) due to the involvement of exocrine glands.Objectives. The present study aimed to evaluate the oral health-related quality of life and oral health indicators in patients with SS in comparison with healthy individuals.Material and methods. In the case and control groups (45 patients and 45 healthy individuals), questions about demographic data, other systemic disorders, medications, the years of infection, xerostomia, as well as inquiries about the quality of life (Oral Health Impact Profile-14 -OHIP-14) were asked. The patients were evaluated clinically, and oral health indicators, including the plaque index (PI), the gingival index (GI), the sulcus bleeding index (SBI), and the number of decayed, missing and filled teeth (DMFT) were assessed on the Ramfjord teeth. Unstimulated saliva samples from both groups were obtained and weighed. The data was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, v. 24.0. Quantitative variables were compared between the case and control groups with the use of the independent t test or their nonparametric equivalent (the Mann-Whitney test).Results. The comparison of the quantitative variables between the study groups showed a statistically significant difference in the OHRQoL scores (p = 0.037) and the unstimulated saliva flow rate (p = 0.002) between the case and control groups. Also, there was a statistically significant difference in the DMFT index between patients with primary and secondary SS in the case group (p = 0.048). Conclusions.The lower OHRQoL of patients with SS requires more attention and follow-up to solve periodontal and dental problems in this group of patients.
Background: Early Childhood Caries (ECC) has many etiologies such as families’ socioeconomic status, parents’ education and awareness, prolonged and improper bottle or breastfeeding, consuming sweet foods and high-sugar diets, brushing techniques, immaturity of children’s immune system, family size, and Streptococcus mutans. Evidence Acquisition: The data used in our review were searched from articles published between 1950 to 2021 and using ECC, children, saliva, salivary biomarkers, salivary enzymes, salivary peptides, salivary proteins, and immunity as keywords, collected from official web pages (Scopus, PubMed, Embase, and Google scholar) and documents published from different international institutions. The search was limited to articles published in the English language. After screening the abstract, the full text of 194 related studies was reviewed. Finally, 78 most related studies were selected. Results and Conclusions: ECC-related salivary proteins and peptides are Proline-rich proteins, salivary mucins, Lactoferrin, immunoglobulins, Toll-like receptors, Lysozyme, Histatins, Statherin, Defensins, Calprotectin, and Cytokines. ECC-related enzymes are Amylase, Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Alkaline phosphatase, Carbonic anhydrase VI, Lactate dehydrogenase, and Glucosyltransferase B. Immunity factors affecting ECC include IgA (sIgA), IgG, IgM, salivary mucins, Lactoferrin, TLRs, Histatins, Statins, Defensins, Calprotectin, Lysozyme, Lactoperoxidase, Cytokines and interleukins, Cathelicidin (LL-37), Agglutinin, Cysteine, and Neutrophils.
Statement of problem Salivary gland ducts are one of the primary targets of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Moreover, saliva contains minor and major salivary gland secretions and a combination of nasopharyngeal and lung secretions. The acrylic resin bases of complete or partial removable dentures have pores and provide a favorable environment for the growth of microorganisms. Purpose The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to investigate the presence of viral contamination of acrylic resin removable denture bases in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Material and methods The acrylic resin denture bases (partial and complete) of 29 patients with COVID-19 who underwent treatment in the Infectious Diseases Department of Razi Hospital in Ghaemshahr, Mazandaran, Iran were evaluated. Samples were collected from the intaglio surface of the prostheses by direct swabbing and coding and were evaluated in a laboratory for the presence or absence of coronavirus. The relationship between hospital polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denture PCR and the relationship between denture type and denture PCR was evaluated with the Fisher exact test (α=.05). Results Twenty-nine patients, age range 55 to 85 years, 18 women, 3 with partial dentures and 26 with complete dentures, were evaluated. The hospital PCR test was positive in 28 patients, while the denture PCR test was positive in 4 patients. No significant relationship was observed between the results of hospital PCR and denture PCR in patients with COVID-19 ( P =.138). All 4 patients who tested positive for denture PCR had complete dentures. No significant relationship was found between denture type and denture PCR test results in patients with COVID-19 ( P =1.000). Conclusions Despite the microporous structure of the acrylic resin base, no statistically significant viral contamination was observed.
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