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Background. Root canal obturation is performed by gutta-percha cones and sealer. Therefore, these materials, specially sealers, must be biocompatible. This study investigated the cytotoxicity and mineralization activity of two calcium silicate-based sealers (Endoseal MTA and Ceraseal) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH26). Materials and Methods. In this experiment, the cytotoxicity of Endoseal MTA, Ceraseal, and AH26 on human gingival fibroblast cells was examined using Methyl-Thiazol-Tetrazolium assay at time intervals of 24, 48, 72, and 120 hr. The mineralization activity of sealers was evaluated by Alizarin red staining assay. Prism, ver.3, software was used to perform statistical tests. One-way analysis of variance analysis, followed by Tukey’s test, was used to determine the group differences. P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results. Cytotoxicity of sealers decreased gradually ( P < 0.0001 ). AH26 showed the highest level of cytotoxicity ( P < 0.001 ). In terms of cytotoxicity, no considerable differences were observed between the two-calcium silicate-based sealers ( P > 0.05 ). AH26 showed the lowest mineralization activity ( P < 0.0001 ). Among the calcium silicate-based sealers, mineralization and formation of calcium nodules were more frequently observed in the Endoseal MTA group ( P < 0.001 ). Conclusion. The examined calcium silicate-based sealers had less cytotoxicity and higher mineralization activity than the resin-based sealer (AH26). There was negligible difference between the cytotoxicity of the two-calcium silicate-based, but the cell mineralization caused by Endoseal MTA was higher.

Background: root canal obturation is performed by gutta-percha cones and sealer. Therefore, these materials specially sealers, must be biocompatible. This study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity and mineralization activity of two calcium silicate-based sealers (Endoseal MTA and Ceraseal) and an epoxy resin-based sealer (AH26). Methods: in this experiment, the toxicity of Endoseal MTA, Ceraseal, and AH26 on human gingival fibroblast cells was examined using Methyl-Thiazol-Tetrazolium assay at time intervals of 24, 48, 72, and 120 hours. The mineralization activity of sealers was evaluated by Alizarin Red Staining assay. Data analysis was carried out using one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-test at a significance level of less than 0.05. Results: cytotoxicity of sealers decreased gradually (P<0.0001). AH26 showed the highest level of cytotoxicity (P<0.001). in terms of cytotoxicity, no considerable differences were observed between the two calcium silicate-based sealers. AH26 showed the lowest mineralization activity (P<0.0001). among the calcium silicate-based sealers, mineralization and formation of calcium nodules were more frequently observed in the Endoseal MTA group (P<0.001). Conclusion: the examined calcium silicate-based sealers had less cytotoxicity and higher mineralization activity than the resin-based sealer (AH26). There was negligible difference between the cytotoxicity of the two calcium silicate-based, but the cell mineralization caused by endoseal MTA was higher.

Background: Orthodontics is defined as a branch of dentistry that concerns the correction of malocclusion. In this regard, determining the most appropriate time for orthodontic treatment is of utmost importance. General dental practitioners (GDPs) are normally the first link of the treatment chain for patients requiring orthodontic treatment. Objectives: The present study aimed to determine the GDPs’ knowledge of the appropriate timing of orthodontic treatment in Sari, Iran. Methods: This descriptive, analytical and cross-sectional study was performed on GDPs working in Sari in 2019. The statistical population included 380 GDPs, 186 of whom were selected. Data was collected using a 24-item questionnaire aimed to evaluate the GDPs’ knowledge level of the appropriate timing of orthodontic treatment. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 19. Results: In total, 142 out of 186 GDPs participated in the study with a mean age of 36.12 ± 10.15 years. 86 subjects (59.9%) had less than 10 years of work experience. Total mean (± SD) knowledge level of the GDPs was estimated at a moderate level (14.13 ± 3.79). Percentage of the knowledge levels considered as poor, moderate and good was 12, 70, and 18, respectively. There was a significant relationship between knowledge level and gender (P = 0.013). Meanwhile, no association was observed between the work experience of the participants and their level of knowledge (P = 0.393). Conclusions: According to the results of the present study, the total mean score of GDPs’ knowledge about the appropriate timing for orthodontic treatment in Sari was moderate, and only 12% of the participants had a poor knowledge level in this regard. It is notable that male subjects had a significantly higher knowledge level, and another analysis demonstrated the lack of effectiveness of work experience on the knowledge level of individuals.

Introduction: Impaction is one of the most common tooth abnormalities which has multiple pathological consequences. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of impacted and semi-impacted teeth and to determine the impaction angle of different teeth in patients referred to the maxillofacial radiology department of dental school, Mazandaran University of medical sciences in years 2013-2019.   Material and Methods: The panoramic radiographs of patients who were referred to oral and maxillofacial radiology department of Mazandaran dental school were observed. Impaction or semi-impaction angle of third molars were determined by Winter’s classification. Statistical analysis were conducted by using Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, Mann Whitney U test and Spearman correlation test (a= 0/05).   Results: 3200 panoramic radiographs were analyzed, and the prevalence of impaction, complete impaction and semi-impaction were calculated to be 25/8%, 3/7% and 23/6% respectively. The mesioangular impaction (48/3%) was the most prevalent kind of impaction. Statistically, age was correlated with the jaw involving tooth impaction (P=0/01), this correlation wasn’t observed about sex (P=0/161).    Conclusion: Impacted teeth were observed in approximately one third of the radiographs. Impaction was more common in the mandible and the most prevalent kind of impaction was determined to be the mesioangular impaction. As the impacted tooth can cause problems we conclude that they must be extracted at an early age.