Railways are large infrastructures and are the prime mode of transportation in many countries. The railways have become a prime means of transportation owing to their capacity, speed, and reliability. Even a small improvement in performance of railways has significant economic benefits to rail industry. Thus, a proper maintenance strategy is required to govern optimization of inspection frequency and/or improvement in skill and efficiency. Accidents happening due to track breaking have been a big problem for railways for life security and timely management of services. This breakage needs to be identified in real time before a train actually comes near to the broken track and get subjected to an accident. In this paper, different kinds of rail defects inspection and maintenance methods are described and a basic algorithm is readdressed that makes use of wireless acoustic sensors for detecting cracks and breakages in the railway tracks.
General TermsWireless sensor network, fault tolerant, track gauge inspection
The use of wireless sensor networks has grown tremendously in the last decade, wireless sensor networks are used in wide variety of applications. Nodes in WSN have limited battery lifetime that affects the performance of the network. Scalability is also a major concern. The use of clustering in WSN provides a solution to this. Many improvements have been made in the basic clustering protocols .In this paper, we will review the most recent proposals and implementations of the clustering algorithms used in WSN. We will also try to figure out pros and cons of their working .In the last we will compare the performances of various algorithms.
Tremendous growth has been observed in the use of Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in the last decade. WSNs behave like an interface between the virtual and physical worlds. Sensor nodes sense the changes in external environment and send the data to other nodes in the network or the sink, also called Base Station (BS). The performance of the network gets affected due to limited battery lifetime of sensor nodes. Many clustering and power management protocols have been specifically designed for WSN to reduce energy consumption. Improvements are being made day by day in the basic clustering protocols. In this paper, a survey of the recent clustering protocols in WSNs has been presented and a comparison has been done of various protocols.
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