Dengue has emerged as one of the most important mosquito-borne, fatal flaviviral disease, apparently expanding as a global health problem. An estimated 3.6 billion people are at risk for dengue, with 50 million infections per year occurring across 100 countries globally. The annual number of dengue fever cases in India is many times higher than it is officially reported. This under reporting would play a major role in the government's decision-making. Underestimating of the disease in India encumbers its people from taking preventive measures, discourages efforts to ensnare the sources of the disease and deliberates efforts for vaccine research. In this article, we highlight the probable impediments of under reporting leading to its impact on national and global public health and also offer key remedies to effectively address the issues across the clinics to the community level.
In this study a new species of nematode, Iheringascaris goai n. sp., is reported from two fish hosts, including silver whiting, Sillago sihama, and spotted catfish, Arius maculatus, caught off the Central West Coast of India at Goa. The new species can be differentiated morphologically from I. inquies, the most closely related species collected from cohabiting marine fish. The distinguishing characteristics are distinct cuticular striations, a unilateral excretory system, the presence of dentigerous ridges on the inner margin of the lips and the ratio of oesophagus to body length. In males, the ratio of spicules to body length is higher and the number of pre-anal papillae is less in comparison to those in I. inquies. In addition, the tail curves ventrad in males, while in females, the vulva is post-equatorial. The sequence alignment of 18S rDNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I with sequences of known species selected from the same superfamily shows a significant difference. The morphological and molecular differences reported here can, therefore, be used to assign the specimen to a new species.
In the last week of December 2019, few patients with the history of pyrexia of unknown origin and symptoms of lower respiratory tract infections were detected in Wuhan, a well-known area as the largest metropolitan city located in the province of Hubei, China. On further investigation, a novel coronavirus was identified as the causative pathogen, which later on provisionally named as 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Coronaviruses are predominantly found in warmblooded animals and birds and cause various respiratory complications and multiorgan failure in the immunocompromised individuals. Human coronaviruses were first identified in 1965 and are responsible for the respiratory tract infections in major proportion of population worldwide; at least five new human coronaviruses have been identified, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002-2003 and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012. The background related to the origin and classification of coronaviruses is reviewed here.
Real-time PCR coupled with high-resolution molecular (HRM) analysis was conducted to target the second internal transcribed spacer (ITS-2) of nuclear ribosomal DNA. The latter acted as a genetic marker to identify and distinguish two anisakid and one cucullanid species parasitizing marine and freshwater fish. Unique and distinct characteristics of HRM patterns were produced for each of the three roundworms investigated. The melt profiles and threshold of the cycles (Ct values), at which amplification commenced, for Anisakis simplex (Rudolphi), Contrcaecum osculatum (Rudolphi) Dujardin, Contrcaecum sp. and Dacnitoides cotylophora (Ward and Magath) were diagnostic for species. The molecular analyses by sequencing and comparing the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA of Dacnitoides, Anisakis and Contrcaecum assays established their distinct identity. The present investigation propagates molecular-phylogenetic and morpho-molecular analysis to characterize diagnostic constituents of cucullanid and anisakid roundworms.
The attributes of multivariate analyses were applied to infer peculiarity in distribution dynamics of Cephalogonimus yamunii Upadhyay et al. (J Parasit, 2012) in Xenentodon cancilla under influence of interionic interactions amongst hydrobiological factors. Non-parametric Mann-Whitney's Test χ(2) statistic was significant for the effect of Dissolved Oxygen and magnesium. The temperature optimum 23-27 °C was concluded for expression of peak prevalence and mean intensity during change in water temperature between autumn and winter periods. The dominant Ist component (PC1 (p) ) from Principal Component Analysis of monthwise response of infection data by C. yamunii in X. cancilla was further confirmed by Scree Plot of Eigenvalues and Factor Loadings Plot to identify the critical impact of hardness of water on infection prevalence and mean intensity. The findings of larger PC1 (p) positive coefficients comprehensively substantiated predominating hardness factor, under the influence of enhanced Dissolved Oxygen and optimum thermal effect. Therefore, the role of multifactorial etiology is a definite possibility.
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