Aim Endometrial mesenchymal stem cells (eMSC) have a vital role in regeneration of endometrium during menstrual cycles. Since it has been suggested that (eMSC) likely play a role in uterine receptivity and establishment of pregnancy, we aimed to evaluate the expression levels of five most known receptivity markers‐Integrin (ITG) β1, Rac1, HoxA11, ITGβ3 and Noggin‐in eMSC of recurrent implantation failure (RIF) and non‐RIF women. Methods Human eMSC were isolated from menstrual blood (MB) of RIF and non‐RIF women. The isolated eMSC characterized based on their morphological and behavioral characteristics, expression of MSC‐specific surface CD markers and their capacity of differentiation into osteocytes and adipocytes. The expression levels of the five mentioned receptivity markers were analyzed with real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Results Our findings revealed that RIF and non‐RIF eMSC expressed all tested genes at different levels. ITGb1 expression in RIF eMSC was lower than its expression in non‐RIF cells. On the other hand, all the other markers were expressed at higher levels in RIF eMSC than in non‐RIF cells although only HOXA11 and ITG β3 showed statistically significant (P < 0.05) higher expression levels. Conclusion This pilot study on determination of the expression levels of uterine receptivity markers in eMSC interestingly indicated that RIF and non‐RIF eMSC were different regarding the expression of these markers. Future studies using these findings can brighten up more the role of eMSC in the endometrium receptivity and establishment of pregnancy.

Background:Existing data suggests that varicocele plays a central role in progressive infertility.Aims:This study was designed to assess the occupational and lifestyle factors of development of varicocele among male infertile, for a better prevention and management of the varicocele.Materials and Methods:All males with infertility, who presented at Fatemezahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Research Center between April 2010 and February 2011, were examined. Their occupations, smoking, and drinking alcohol, presence or absence of varicocele were evaluated. The lifestyle factors associated with varicocele were analyzed.Results:The data of 816 men, aged 21-71 years, were included in the study. Two hundred and sixty-one men (32%) with varicocele and 555 (68%) without varicocele were found. Percentage of varicocele was significantly higher in smokers compared with non-smokers (P = 0.035). The adjusted OR for varicocele in smokerswas significantly higher than that in non-smoker (OR = 2.420; 95% CI = 1.04, 5.61). No significant differences were seen between varicocele and occupation or alcohol drinking for the prevalence of varicocele.Conclusions:The findings of the present study indicated that a high frequency of varicocele was indentified among male infertile. Therefore, it is necessary for those male cigarette-smokers to evaluate their possibilities of infertility and varicocele.