Atmospheric rivers (ARs) as massive and concentrated water vapour paths can have a critical impact on extreme events in arid and semi-arid areas. This study investigated the effect of ARs on heavy precipitation events during the cold, rainy months (November–April) in Iran for 11 years. The results showed that 107 ARs had an influence on heavy precipitation, which providing partial moisture for Iran's precipitation. On average, 11 heavy precipitation days were linked to the presence of ARs in the six cold months of each year. During the study period, ARs accounted for almost 20–50% of the country's total heavy precipitation monthly. Although most ARs entered the country from the south through coastal areas, the western part of Iran, especially elevated stations along the western slope of the Zagros Mountains, received the highest heavy precipitation. Accordingly, about 66% of ARs directly originated from the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. Moreover, December experienced the highest frequency of ARs linked to heavy precipitation during the statistical period.
Most water vapour in various subtropical regions is transported by atmospheric rivers (ARs). It is crucial to study this phenomenon, especially in regions more vulnerable to climate change due to population growth and aridity. The study's primary purpose was to detect ARs in the Middle East. According to expectations, ARs were classified based on strength and temporal–spatial distribution and their changes were examined to characterize the risks of the phenomenon. The results showed that ARs had significantly increased over the past 50 years (1971–2020). The most positive increase was related to weak ARs (Cat 1) in the last two decades and exceptional events (Cat 5) in the last decade. The results also indicated the role of terrain in limiting the path of the AR axis and multiple sources of moisture in their strongest form. The occurrence of hazardous events (Cat 4 and 5) was estimated at up to 22% of all ARs in the Middle East, with the highest frequency in the last three decades. It was also found that events with a maximum IVT of >1,000 kg·m−1·s−1 occurred 10 times during the last half of the last century. Also, an AR with a maximum IVT of 1,102 kg·m−1·s−1 occurred once in the region. The temporal distribution of these extreme events showed that they could occur at any time, depending on the conditions of AR formation. However, extreme events mainly occurred in March.
Organ verbunden mit potenziellen funktionellen Störungen des betroffenen Gewebes. In dieser Arbeit wurden daher mögliche noxische Effekte von Kunststoff-MPPs auf zellulärer Ebene untersucht. Als Beispielzellen dienten hierfür zwei murine Makro-phagenzelllinien (ImKC, J774A.1) sowie zwei murine Epithelzelllinien (STC.1, BNL CL.2). Neben der Partikelgröße (0,5; 1; 3 und 6 μm) wurde auch die Konzentration der Partikel systematisch variiert. Die Aufnahme von Partikeln wurde mittels Konfokal-Mikroskop nachgewiesen. Eine mögliche Zytotoxizität der Partikel wurde anhand des MTT-Assays getestet. Als weiteres Stresssymptom wurden intrazelluläre reaktive sauerstoffspezies (ROS) nach der MPP-Aufnahme im Durchflusszytometer analysiert.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.