AbstractÐWith a huge amount of data stored in spatial databases and the introduction of spatial components to many relational or object-relational databases, it is important to study the methods for spatial data warehousing and OLAP of spatial data. In this paper, we study methods for spatial OLAP, by integration of nonspatial OLAP methods with spatial database implementation techniques. A spatial data warehouse model, which consists of both spatial and nonspatial dimensions and measures, is proposed. Methods for computation of spatial data cubes and analytical processing on such spatial data cubes are studied, with several strategies proposed, including approximation and selective materialization of the spatial objects resulted from spatial OLAP operations. The focus of our study is on a method for spatial cube construction, called object-based selective materialization, which is different from cuboid-based selective materialization proposed in previous studies of nonspatial data cube construction. Rather than using a cuboid as an atomic structure during the selective materialization, we explore granularity on a much finer level, that of a single cell of a cuboid. Several algorithms are proposed for object-based selective materialization of spatial data cubes and the performance study has demonstrated the effectiveness of these techniques.

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The implementation of spatial plans in past practice in Serbia was the weakest link of planning-theoretically insufficiently studied, methodologically vague and non-positioned, and only formally and partially carried out in practice. There is a general agreement that implementation should be perceived and oriented through spatial plans, in order to maximize the effect on other factors beyond the planning system. For that reason it is necessary to define theoretically the model of implementation for the spatial plan, the elements and contents of which reflect the logical, functional and time coherence of all planning decisions. Since there are several different methods and objects of planning, this paper has singled out four basic models and presents the results of the research (comparative analyses) into the role of application in the planning practice in Serbia using the example of a model of implementation for planning rules. An evaluated and studied model of implementation was applied in spatial plans for areas of special purpose and spatial plans of the local government units. This paper provides recommendations for further application of the model in the planning practice in Serbia.

Spatial data mining is to mine high-level spatial information and knowledge from large spatial databases. A spatial data mining system prototype, GeoMiner, has been designed and developed based on our years of experience in the research and development of relational data mining system, DBMiner, and our research into spatial data mining. The data mining power of GeoMiner includes mining three kinds of rules: characteristic rules, comparison rules , and association rules , in geo-spatial databases, with a planned extension to include mining classification rules and clustering rules . The SAND ( Spatial And Nonspatial Data ) architecture is applied in the modeling of spatial databases, whereas GeoMiner includes the spatial data cube construction module , spatial on-line analytical processing ( OLAP ) module , and spatial data mining modules . A spatial data mining language, GMQL ( Geo-Mining Query Language ), is designed and implemented as an extension to Spatial SQL [3], for spatial data mining. Moreover, an interactive, user-friendly data mining interface is constructed and tools are implemented for visualization of discovered spatial knowledge.

The implementation of spatial plans is the weakest link of planning; it is insufficiently theoretically explored, methodologically unpositioned and in practice only partially carried out. The main direction in considering improvements in the implementation of plans is that it must be viewed and focused by means of spatial plans in order to as much as possible reduce the impact of all those factors outside the planning system. The study points to the need for and offers the definition of a model of implementation for spatial plans rooted in the theory of planning. The elements and contents of the proposed model of implementation suggest a logical, functional and temporal coherence of all planning decisions covered by the plan. The process of implementing the plan depends directly on the type and method of planning. Four basic models of implementation are defined. The results of research on the application of the implementation model in spatial planning practice in the Republic of Serbia are presented. These are obtained on the basis of multicriteria comparative analysis carried out on a case study of 11 spatial plans. The chapter suggests possible directions for further study, primarily in terms of applying the model of implementation in practice.