Thiam Ndiassé - The sociolinguistic variation of the mixed Wolof-French code in Dakar: a first approach.
The author studies the effects of the form of intraphrastic mixture between French and Wolof in the urban mixed code of speakers in Dakar. He shows that there is consolidated borrowing, nonce borrowing and code swithing. The most productive social category for mixed forms is the schooled middle class, with unschooled men of the lower class coming a close second. Such language behavior stabilizes as of adolescence, and diminishes after age 40. These data, and the prevalence on nonce borrowing, show that the appropriation of French takes place within the vernacularization of mixed langaguage practices by the most active part of the population.
Juillard Caroline, Marie-Louise Moreau, Pape Alioune Ndao et Ndiassé Thiam - Does their Wolof say who they are ? Perceiving regional and ethnic membership through the urban Wolof spoken by teenagers.
This is an account of a survey of the regional and ethnic identification of young native Wolof-speakers in Dakar and Ziguinchor. Although they think they can pin-point where Wolof-speakers come from, the respondents over-rate their ability to identify and are only vaguely conscious of the clues they use to decide. They tend to assimilate native Wolof-speakers to Wolofs and conceive regional identities in ethnic rather than geographic terms. The performance of the Dakarese and of the Ziguinchorese are differenciated by the latter 's more adequate representation of the Senegalese linguistic universe.
In this study, two groups of students were asked to listen to recordings made of Senegalese Wolof speakers and make deductions about their social and caste status. The responses of the first group, made up of Senegalese students, did not go beyond the threshold of chance with regard to caste status, but were 65.7% correct regarding the speakers' social status. The second group, who were European students with no prior knowledge of the Wolof language, achieved percentages of correct answers similar to those of the Senegalese listeners with regard to social status. The IMPOSED NORM HYPOTHESIS, which predicts that sociolinguistic features cannot be gauged by those who have had no previous contact with the community, should thus be reconsidered and enlarge its scope to include a more general, and therefore nuanced, view of language. (Imposed norm hypothesis, inherent value hypothesis, social stratification of language, social identification, Wolof, Senegal, castes)*
I N T R O D U C T I O NTo explain the distribution of phonic variants according to social group, researchers support one of two opposing views: the INHERENT VALUE HYPOTHESIS or the IMPOSED
Thiam Ndiassé - « Un vrai borain » : sociolinguistic aspects of spoken French in the "Borinage".
"Le Borinage" is a region of the Belgian Hainaut near Mons, corresponding to the Coal Basin and historically marked by a diglossic situation between French and a sub-dialect of Picard, the Borain patois. Surveying a stratified sample allowed us to measure a trace of this historical situation, based on the pronunciation of the local French /r/. The analysis applies the variatio- nist model to this sociolinguistic variable. The known characteristics of the historical use of patois are to be found in the différenciation of the marked variable /r/ (rolled) according to level of instruction, sex and age. In a second section, the results are illuminated by the metalinguistic discourse of the Borains themselves, obtained during the interviews.
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