Background:Dysmenorrhea is a common gynecological condition with painful menstrual cramps of uterine origin. Prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea is not yet clearly studied in central India.Objective:To study prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea in young girls and to evaluate associated clinical markers of dysmenorrhea.Materials and Methods:In a cross-sectional study, data was collected among 310 girls (18–25 years) on age at menarche, presence and absence of dysmenorrhea, dysmenorrhea duration, pre-menstrual symptoms (PMS), family history, menses irregularities, menstrual history, severity grading using visual analogue scale (VAS) using a semi-structured questionnaire.Results:Dysmenorrhea was reported in 84.2% (261) girls and 15.8% (49) reported no dysmenorrhea. Using VAS, 34.2% of girls experienced severe pain, 36.6% moderate and 29.2% had mild pain. Bleeding duration was found to be significantly associated with dysmenorrhea (χ2 = 10.5; P < 0.05), girls with bleeding duration more than 5 days had 1.9 times more chance of getting dysmenorrhea (OR: 1.9; 95% CI: 1.7–3). Moreover, girls with the presence of clots had 2.07 times higher chance of having dysmenorrhea (OR: 2.07; 95% CI: 1.04–4.1) (P < 0.05). Almost 53.7% girls who had some family history of dysmenorrhea, 90.9% experience the condition themselves (χ2 = 11.5; P < 0.001). Girls with family history of dysmenorrhea had three times greater chance of having the same problem (OR: 3.0; 95% CI: 1.5–5.8; P = 0.001).Conclusion:Dysmenorrhea is found to be highly prevalent among college going girls. Family history, bleeding duration and presence of clots were significant risk factors for dysmenorrhea.

without any organic pathology. [3] The onset of primary dysmenorrhea is usually at or shortly after menarche, when ovulatory cycles are established. Women with primary dysmenorrhea have a greater endometrial production of prostaglandins compared with asymptomatic women. [4] Primary dysmenorrhea is an important clinical cause in young girls for work absenteeism, thus having negative effect on QoL. The World Health Organization defined health as being not only the absence of disease and infirmity but also the presence of physical, mental, and social well-being. [5] QoL is defined as a subjective phenomenon based on individual perception, experiences, beliefs, and expectations. [6] Nowadays, QoL has become an issue in many clinical studies. [7] Severe dysmenorrhea pain is associated with restriction of activity and absence from school/college or workplace. Participation in usual activities is adversely affected in 5-20% of the women. [8] Pain poses a unique challenge for outcomes research because of the central importance of patientcentered and patient-reported information. The diagnosis may be overlooked, and the impact of primary dysmenorrhea has been poorly studied; mainly, the studies have focused on Western populations. [9]

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Background : Growth and development of fetus is dependent on growth and development of placenta. This study aimed to assess the effect of placental morphology on birth weight. Materials and methods- Study was done on 200 pregnant females and their newborns at index medical college hospital and research centre Indore, M.P.it was an observational cross sectional study. Results-In our study placental weight varied between 200 to 700 gms. The mean weight was found to 466.98±76.12 gms. Fetal weight in our study ranged between 1.99 to 3.74kg with a mean of 2.72±0.32.fetal weight was found to be positively correlated with placental weight, placental volume, thickness of placenta, no. of cotyledons and cord diameter. Placental weight and thickness increases with increasing fetal weight. Conclusion- We found a strong relationship between the placenta and the fetus, so this theory can be applied in detection of low birth weight babies before delivery and also measures can be taken to reduce low birth weight babies and its complications and ultimately the perinatal morbidity and mortality