Aim: To determine the risk factors and prevalence of perineal tear in low-risk pregnant females. Study Design: A retrospective cross-sectional study. Place and Duration: In the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Sialkot for one-year duration from January 2020 to December 2020. Methods: The females with perineal tear after birth included in this study. A total of 400 females were selected for this study. Results are articulated as adjusted odds ratio (OR) and <0.05 of P value is considered significant. Results: 400 total females had singleton vaginal delivery and perineal tears were noticed in 140 females. The episiotomy frequency for the total of 1st and 2nd degree, and 3rd and 4th degree (OASI) were 16.3%, 25%, and 1.5%, correspondingly. The perineal tear risk-factors are young mothers (teenagers OR = 5.6, 21-25 years OR = 4.3), primiparous women (OR = 12.6), gestational age less than 32 weeks OR = 0.175), received antenatal care (OR = 0.42), correspondingly. Primiparous females were 12.4 times more probable to have an episiotomy (OR = 12.4, 95% CI, 1.48-104.8, p = 0.02). A birth weight between 2.5-3.0 kgs and less than 2.5 kg (OR = 0.012 and 0.084, respectively) protects against Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury. Conclusions: The perineal injuries risk factors are comparable to those formerly described in other researches. There is an urgent need to train the gynae staff and doctors in proper selection for episiotomy and better perineal care in order to improve obstetric services in the Gynecology department. Identifying those at danger can decrease obstetric perineal injuries. Keywords: Low risk pregnancy, episiotomy, low-risk pregnancy and Obstetric Anal Sphincter Injury.
The 40-50% infertility cases are reported to be because of the male partner. For the accurate investigation of the cause of infertility in couples, the semen analysis is considered as the effective and fundamental tool. It not only assesses the sperm maturity and formation, but also provide with the insights into the quality and production of sperm. Objectives: To analyze the semen pattern of the infertile male. Methods: It was a retrospective study conducted at the Gynecology and Obstetrician department of Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Sialkot. The study was carried out by collecting data from male infertile patients that visited tertiary care unit for a duration of six months from July 2021 to December 2021. All participants were fully aware of the objective of the study; as written consent was taken from them. The abnormal features of semen were analyzed. The various features of oligozoospermia and normospermia were studied and it was found. Results: A total of 260 individuals participated in this study, among them there were 204 that had primary infertility issues and 56 had secondary infertility issues. There were just 2 infertile male partners that were greater than 50 years of age. It was found that there were 56% partners that had normozoospermia and 39% infertile partners having asthenozoospermia, then it was followed by azoospermia condition which was seen in 28% patients. Conclusions: It was found that the asthenospermia, oligoasthenozoospermia and azoospermia are some of the contributors of male infertility.
Background: The marked increase in the rates of CS has not only raises the challenges for the medical professional but also became a debatable issues for many gynecologists. In order to explain the increasing rates of CS it is necessary to identify which group of women is more frequently undergoing CS. Objective: The study aimed to evaluate the role the fetal distress and Robson ten group classification play for the indication of caesarean section. Study design: It is a retrospective study conducted at Khawaja Muhammad Safdar Medical College, Allama Iqbal Memorial Teaching Hospital Sialkot, from January 2022 to June 2022. Material and Methods: 5787 women were admitted in tertiary care unit for delivery. Among these 2031 went through caesarean and the remaining delivered normally. Most of the population was included in group 1 and 5, where 501 and 535 individuals were present. Results: The group having the most contribution towards CS was group 5. And the group showing least contribution towards CS was group no.10. Group 5 also showed high contribution towards CS. The evaluation was carried out for 205 patients, the mean age of the patients was 26 years in this study. Most of the patients belonged to gestation week greater than 36 weeks. Conclusion: The group that has low risk had more chances to contribute to the CS rate. The indication for CS was most of the time fetal distress which was seen at the time patients were admitted in hospital. Keywords: Caesarean section and fetal distress.
Objective: To determine the association of hyperuricemia with adverse pregnancy outcomes in terms of low birth weight at term pregnancy registered at CMH Lahore. Study Design: Prospective cohort study. Place and Duration of Study: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology of CMH, Lahore Pakistan, from Aug 2018 to Feb 2019. Methodology: A total of 60 pregnant women with a singleton pregnancy were included in the study. Patients with serum uric acid levels greater or equal to 360 umol/L were included in Group-A or the at-risk Group, and Patients with serum uric acid levels less than 360 umol/L were included in Group-B or the control Group. All women were followed till the delivery. Data regarding adverse pregnancy outcomes (low birth weight) was noted. Results: Mean Serum uric acid levels of 380.33±12.92 umol/L in the Exposed Group and mean Serum uric acid levels of 265.66±29.44 umol/L in the Control Group were noted. Low birth weight was seen 12 (40%) in Exposed Group as compared to 7(23.3%) in Unexposed Group (p=0.165) (RR=1.71). Conclusion: Low birth weight at term was not associated with hyperuricemic pregnancy more than normouricemic pregnancy in our study, probably due to the small sample size.
Duration: One year from January 01, to December 31, 2018. Methodology: In this study the cases that had pregnancy and age was below 20 years were labelled as teen age pregnancy and those with age 20 to 40 and had pregnancy were labelled as elderly pregnancy. These cases were then followed monthly for various outcomes till delivery and 6 weeks post-partum. Both maternal and fetal outcomes were assessed. Results: In this study there were total 100 cases, 50 in each group. The mean age in group A and B was 18.31±1.11 vs 29.39±4.05 years. There were 49 primigravida in teenage group and 08 in elderly group. The most common complication was PROM seen in 11 (22%) vs 5 (10%), followed by pre term labor seen in 11 (22%) vs 4 (08%) cases in teen vs elderly pregnancy with p values of 0.01 each. Conclusion: Complication rates are higher in teen age pregnancy group and the significantly higher number of complications are PROM and pre terms labor.
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