We have had high expectations for using algae biodiesel for many years, but the quantities of biodiesel currently produced from algae are tiny compared to the quantities of conventional diesel oil. Furthermore, no comprehensive analysis of the impact of all factors on the market production of algal biodiesel has been made so far. This paper aims to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats associated with algal biodiesel, to evaluate its production prospects for the biofuels market. The results of the analysis show that it is possible to increase the efficiency of algae biomass production further. However, because the production of this biodiesel is an energy-intensive process, the price of biodiesel is high. Opportunities for more economical production of algal biodiesel are seen in integration with other processes, such as wastewater treatment, but this does not ensure large-scale production. The impact of state policies and laws is significant in the future of algal biodiesel production. With increasingly stringent environmental requirements, electric cars are a significant threat to biodiesel production. By considering all the influencing factors, it is not expected that algal biodiesel will gain an essential place in the fuel market.
This work focusses on a novel technique of producing bioethanol from fermented pomegranate fruits waste by using Saccharomyces cerevisiae , commonly known as baker's yeast. Four different blends of bioethanol, namely PE10, PE15, PE20, and PE25 were experimented at various operating speeds. It was inferred that the addition of ethanol enhanced the consumption of fuel as well as braking capacity. However, thermal performance was observed to be declined. PE15 blend exhibited optimum brake thermal efficiency at full load condition when compared with unleaded fuel. Brake specific fuel consumption of PE15 was noticed to be lower at different operating speeds among all the blends. Oxides of nitrogen as well as carbon dioxide emissions were increased as the proportion of ethanol in pure fuel was increased. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions were reduced, while increasing the ratio of ethanol relative to pure gasoline, except PE10 blend. The combustion characteristics were also studied. Lower value of coefficient of variation revealed stable combustion. This study conclude that PE15 can be used as an alternative fuel.
.This paper deals with an alternative design method of airfoil for wind turbine blade for low wind speed based on combination of smart computing and numerical optimization. In this work, a simulation of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) for determining the relation between airfoil geometry and its aerodynamic characteristics was conducted. First, several airfoil geometries were generated through transformation of complex variables (Joukowski transformation), and then lift and drag coefficients of each airfoil were determined using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics). In present study, the ANN training was conducted using airfoil geometry and its aerodynamic characteristics as input and output, respectively. Therefore, lift and drag coefficients can be directly determined only by giving the airfoil geometry without having to perform wind tunnel experiment or numerical computation. Moreover, the optimization was conducted to obtain an airfoil geometry which gives maximum lift to drag ratio (CL/CD) for specific Reynolds number. For this purpose Genetic Algorithm (GA) was applied as optimizer. The results were validated using commercial CFD and it can be shown that the result are satisfactory with error approximately of 6%.
Butanol is renewable fuel that can be used as a solution for the increasing fuel consumption and emissions. This is because of the high octane number in butanol increase the effectiveness of the combustion. In addition, high oxygen content in butanol can reduce CO and HC emissions. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal mixture of premium and butanol on fuel consumption and exhaust emissions on gasoline engines. This study uses a Toyota 7K engine equipped with an Cold EGR system. The percentage of addition butanol in gasoline fuels is 5%, 10%, and 15%. The experiment was carried out at a variation of 2500 rpm to 4000 rpm engine speed. The experimental results show that the addition of butanol in gasoline reduces fuel consumption by 1.9%. The use of the Cold EGR system results in fuel consumption of 0.31 kG.kW/hours in the P85B15 mixture. This value is 16.8% lower than without using the Cold EGR system. Addition of butanol to fuel also increases the EGT. However, the EGT value decreases with the use of the Cold EGR System. The use of a mixture of gasoline and butanol reduced carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) by 74.2% and 46.3%. The percentage of CO2 also showed an increase of 58.6 %. However, the use of the Cold EGR system increases the value of HC and CO. The use of the Cold EGR system also increases the value of CO2 emissions by 19.04% compared without using the Cold EGR system.
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