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Over the past decade, there has seen substantial progress in our understanding of and in the management of CRC.

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Two wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes with varying degree of drought tolerance were used to analyze programmed cell death (PCD) and related biochemical changes under drought stress. Drought induced PCD in leaves, as evident by internucleosomal nDNA fragmentation, was observed in sensitive genotype Nesser. Drought tolerant genotype (FD-83) showed higher peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase activities and ascorbate content under drought stress compared to sensitive genotype. Total phenolic content increased, while lipid peroxidation remained unchanged under drought in FD-83. In contrast, drought enhanced the proteases and ascorbate peroxidase activities and lipid peroxidation (MDA content) in Nesser.

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Asian tarsiid and sivaladapid primates maintained relictual distributions in southern Asia long after the extirpation of their close Holarctic relatives near the Eocene-Oligocene boundary. We report here the discovery of amphipithecid and eosimiid primates from Oligocene coastal deposits in Pakistan that demonstrate that stem anthropoids also survived in southern Asia beyond the climatic deterioration that characterized the Eocene-Oligocene transition. These fossils provide data on temporal and paleobiogeographic aspects of early anthropoid evolution and significantly expand the record of stem anthropoid evolution in the Paleogene of South Asia.phylogeny ͉ Paleogene ͉ South Asia

Background: Treatment of poor prognosis metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) includes taxane chemotherapy and androgen receptor pathway inhibitors (ARPI). We sought to determine optimal treatment in this setting. Patients and methods: This multicentre, randomised, open-label, phase II trial recruited patients with ARPI-naive mCRPC and poor prognosis features (presence of liver metastases, progression to mCRPC after <12 months of androgen deprivation therapy, or !4 of 6 clinical criteria). Patients were randomly assigned 1 : 1 to receive cabazitaxel plus prednisone (group A) or physician's choice of enzalutamide or abiraterone plus prednisone (group B) at standard doses. Patients could cross over at progression. The primary endpoint was clinical benefit rate for first-line treatment (defined as prostate-specific antigen response !50%, radiographic response, or stable disease !12 weeks). Results: Ninety-five patients were accrued (median follow-up 21.9 months). First-line clinical benefit rate was greater in group A versus group B (80% versus 62%, P ¼ 0.039). Overall survival was not different between groups A and B (median 37.0 versus 15.5 months, hazard ratio (HR) ¼ 0.58, P ¼ 0.073) nor was time to progression (median 5.3 versus 2.8 months, HR ¼ 0.87, P ¼ 0.52). The most common first-line treatment-related grade !3 adverse events were neutropenia (cabazitaxel 32% versus ARPI 0%), diarrhoea (9% versus 0%), infection (9% versus 0%), and fatigue (7% versus 5%). Baseline circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) fraction above the cohort median and on-treatment ctDNA increase were associated with shorter time to progression (HR ¼ 2.38, P < 0.001; HR ¼ 4.03, P < 0.001). Patients with >30% ctDNA fraction at baseline had markedly shorter overall survival than those with undetectable ctDNA (HR ¼ 38.22, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Cabazitaxel was associated with a higher clinical benefit rate in patients with ARPI-naive poor prognosis mCRPC. ctDNA abundance was prognostic independent of clinical features, and holds promise as a stratification biomarker.