The agrobacterium based transformation of herbicide-resistant crops has modernized weed management in crops by producing cost-effective and ecosystem friendly transgenic plants. Cotton is one of the major crops which are grown worldwide due to its great economic value in textile industries. Dicamba is a commonly used herbicide in broadleaf plants to kill a wide range of weeds in many dicotyledonous crop fields since the 20th century. In this study, Eagle 2 cotton variety was transformed with the DMO gene which is responsible for the synthesis of the Dicamba monooxygenase enzyme that exhibits tolerance against the Dicamba herbicide. This entire study was conducted at Four Brothers Genetics Lab, Lahore. Transformed cultures of Agrobacterium Tumefaciens with the DMO gene were acquired. Cotton embryos were isolated and co-cultivated with transformed Agrobacterium cultures under sterile conditions. Transformed embryos were grown on an artificial growth medium and acclimatized under favorable conditions. Healthy and stable plants were shifted infield where they were grown into a mature plant. Leaf samples of these plants were collected and DNA was successfully isolated by the CTAB method. Transformed plants were confirmed by Polymerase chain reaction and gel electrophoresis. Variations in different traits among transformed cotton plants were found which indicated that the transgenic plant 4 showed higher plant height, monopodial and sympodial branches, leaf length, leaf width, number of bolls, and bolls weight. The better performance of plant 4 indicated that the yield potential of the transgenic plant was improved as compared with other transgenic cotton plants.
Renal stone disease is the most common urinary system disease, existing in third after urinary tract infection and prostate disease in urological departments and accounting for 10-15% of all cases. Objective: To evaluate urolithiasis on Computed Tomography (CT KUB). Methods: It is a cross sectional study carried out at the private Sector Hospital of Gujrat, Pakistan over 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022. A sample size of 50 patients was calculated via a convenient sampling approach using the mean from previous related studies. Patients with kidney stones diagnosed on CT KUB scan were included after informed consent. The data was analyzed and entered using SPSS version 21. Results: The result of this study revealed that people in their 51s and 60s are the most affected and that males are 56% more likely than females to have kidney stones. The right kidney is the most prevalent location for stones. The calcium oxalate kidney stone scale ranged from 1 to 50 mm in diameter. And the correlation between the location of kidney stone and size is 0.94 so there is a moderate correlation between stone size and location. Conclusion: In conclusion, the CT equipment is fully capable of detecting and measuring stones, as well as determining their type and major component
Cannabis sativa L. is one of the oldest medicinal plants used by human. The plant has also been used for fiber, oil production and simply as additive for food products. Cannabis plant extract may be used for anti-bacterial activity. Bacteria present naturally on the skin, in the gut and in the slime of live fish although. They are not harmful for the fish. But fish get infected with most micro-organisms due to various causes. The goal of this study was to identify the targeted bacteria from mucus and gut of tilapia fish, to study the antimicrobial resistance of isolated bacteria. Thirty samples of Oreochromis mossambicus were collected from Tounsa Head Barrage, Punjab Pakistan. Mucus was collected through spatula. In the laboratory, fish was dissected; gut was removed with the help of a sterile dissecting box. Bacteria were isolated and grown on nutrient agar. E. coli, Staphylococcus spp, Klebsiella spp, B. cereus were isolated from the gut and the mucus while Enterobacter bugandensis was separated from the gut only of the fish. Anti-microbial activity test was done then measure the zone of inhibition in mm. The cannabis showed higher inhibition in growth of E. coli, and Klebseilla spp., while cannabis plant extract showed less inhibition in growth of Staphylococcus spp, Enterobacter bugandensis and B. cereus. It was concluded from our research that the cannabis may be used to develop antibacterial medicines.
There is an association between hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and diabetes mellitus. Diabetic patients commonly have fatty liver and heart problems. Objective: To evaluate the adverse effects of diabetes on the liver, and to determine the association between diabetes and metabolic associated fatty liver disease using Computed Tomography. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted on 50 diabetic patients using convenient sampling method. The research was carried out in CT Department of Radiology of Tertiary care hospital in Gujranwala, Pakistan. Males and females between the ages of 30-80 who had undergone abdominal CT scans were included in this study. A written consent form was also signed by patients. This study was conducted over 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022. Data were entered and analyzed using SPSS version 20.0. Results: The current study revealed that male diabetic patients have more chances to have non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 33(66%) than females 17(34%). The diabetic patients of in senior age group (50-60) years were most commonly affected by 27(54%) with metabolic-associated fatty liver disease. According to findings diabetic patients frequently had fatty liver disease 22(44%) and fatty liver disease along with cardiovascular disease was 11(22%). Some other findings with less occurrence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease were hypertension and hyperlipidemia 7(14%). Conclusion: In conclusion, diabetic patients are more common to be related with fatty liver disease. There was strong connection between diabetes mellitus and fatty liver disease. Elderly patients are more commonly affected.
The complications in pregnancy can happen due to diabetes and hypertension which may affect the mother or the fetus. Objective: To evaluate pregnancy in hypertensive and diabetic pregnant women to detect associated risk factors and complications. Methods:The research was a cross-sectional method of study, conducted over 4 months from December 2021 to March 2022 in a private hospital in Gujranwala, Pakistan. A sample size of 50 was considered as per convenience. The data was analyzed using SPSS V20 software. The age of patients considered was minimum 18 years to maximum 50 years . The scan was done using greyscale type 2D Mindary ultrasound equipment. A written consent form was also taken from patients. Results: The results showed that 15(30%) patients were presented with diabetes mellitus, 32(64%) has hypertension and 3(6%) has both hypertension and diabetes mellitus. The complications included low lying placenta and placental abruption in 1(2%), polyhydramnios in 3(6%) and oligohydramnios in 1(2%). Microcephaly was found in 1(2%) and hydrocephalus was seen in 2(4%). Fetal abortion was found in 7(14%) and only 3(6%) have chance of having a fetus with abnormalities due to hypertension and diabetes whereas most of them have normal birth 43(86%) with no complications. Conclusion: In conclusion, the majority of women with diabetes mellitus and hypertension can have a normal pregnancy and birth, but some may face difficulties such as intrauterine fetal mortality, fetal congenital abnormalities and defects and still birth
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