A multidisciplinary approach was applied to explore deeper knowledge about the reproductive biology and ecology of the green mussel (Perna viridis) by interlinking among ecological factors, ingested gut plankton, gonad fatty acid profile, and reproductive traits. Mussels were collected throughout the year from the coastal region of the Bay of Bengal of Bangladesh, and the histological analysis of 242 mussels revealed five stages of gametogenesis with an annual spawning season from January to April. The gonadosomatic index showed a strong correlation with the water quality parameters, ingested gut plankton groups, and gonadal fatty acids, and also displayed prominent effects of seasonality. In all datasets, we performed principal component analysis in which the first two principal components showed that seasonality explained >65% of the variability, and the multivariate spaces of seasonality corresponded to the gonad development. High salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll a, and plankton abundance in the water column were positively correlated with gonad development and the spawning of mussels. During the development stage, mussel ingested more plankton, particularly Bacillariophyceae and Pyrrophyceae, which were an important source of increased n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids content in gonads. Furthermore, gonads accumulated more lipids and saturated fatty acids during the mature and spawning stages, which were probably utilized during embryogenesis and early larval development as energy sources and constituents of the cell membrane. This research provides a model toward a better understanding of reproductive biological traits and how these traits are interrelated with the surrounding environmental variables of the green mussel, which would be helpful in marine aquaculture and the sustainable exploitation of the fishery resources.
The present study was conducted to prepare Fish peptide powder (FPP) through enzymatic hydrolysis of low-cost fish, white croaker (Otolithoides pama) and to determine its nutritional and functional properties. As source of extracellular protease, three types of enzymes viz. purified papain, papaya peel and ginger were used in triplicates and these enzymes were found to be very effective to break the fish muscle protein down. Highest protein concentration (89.12%) was found in peptides using purified papain followed by using papaya peel (87.46%) and ginger (76.04%). Solubility, foam expansion and emulsifying activity index (EAI) were determined to analyze its functional properties. Purified papain showed the highest solubility (84%) followed by 80% and 72% in FPP using papaya peel and ginger respectively. Three sample concentrations (0.1%, 0.5% and 1%) were used in triplicates to determine foam expansion percentage and EAI. The stability of foam was increased and EAI was decreased with increasing concentrations of samples. The study concluded that papaya peel would be a source of low-cost protease enzyme as an alternative of purified papain as the protein percentage did not vary significantly.
Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2017, 2 (3), 214-218
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