Oxygen is transported in the blood through red blood cells and a protein called hemoglobin. The protein consists of two alpha and two beta chains.The lack of any of these chains is caused by the malfunction of the genes that produce them, and can lead to a genetic disease called thalassemia. In β-thalassemia, hemoglobin does not produce enough beta protein. According to mild to severe effects on the body, β-thalassemia is divided into three types minor, interstitial and major thalassemia. There are increasing risks for thrombosis complications in thalassemia major. The purpose of this study was to evaluate protein C and protein S levels in β-thalassemia major and their association to the hypercoagulable state. Seventy patients with β-thalassemia major and 35 apparently healthy subjects as a control group were investigated for protein C and protein S. The mean of protein C (71.31%) and protein S (34.3%) levels were significantly reduced in βthalassemia major patients in comparison with control subjects (p-value <0.001). Mean of fibrinogen level (2.42) g/l was significantly decreased in β-thalassemia major patients while the mean of D dimer level (0.43) μg/ml was significantly increased in comparison to control subjects (p-value 0.001). This study demonstrates a chronic hypercoagulable state in B-thalassemia major patients.
Background: In patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML) the most frequent acquired molecular abnormalities and important prognostic indicators is nucleophosmin-1 (NPM1) mutations. Our study aims was molecular study of Nucleop- hosmin -1 gene in Acute Myeloid Leukemia in Kurdish population. Patients &Methods: A total of 50 patients with AML, (36) of them attended Nanakaly Hospital and (14) attended Hiwa Hospital and 30 healthy subjects as control were selected randomly, all were matched of age and gender. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for detection of NPM1 gene mutation. Three samples of PCR product for NPM1 gene mutations were sequenced, and mutations were determined by comparison with the normal NPM1 sequence NCBI (GenBank acces- sion number NM_002520). Results: Out of 50 patients with AML, 5 (10%) of them were NPM1 gene mutation positive, and 45 (90%) were negative. The mutation were a base substitution (C to A), (G to C), (G to T), transversion mutation in addition of frame shift mutation and all mutated cases were heterozygous and retained a wild type allele. Conclusion: Identification of NPM1 mutations in AML are important for prognostication, treatment decision and optimi- zation of patient care. Keywords: Acute myeloid leukemia; Nucleophosmin-1 (NPM-1) gene mutation; PCR.
Background: Acute myeloid leukaemia in adult constitutes 80% of whole acute leukaemia cases; its frequency progressively increases with age. Objective: To evaluation the parameters of AML patients clinically and haematologically in Erbil City. Patients and Methods: A particular analysis of hospital records retrospective study of 29 patients with AML was taken on. The cases were analyzed and achieved at Nanakaly hospital in Erbil city during the years 20021-2022. Diagnosis was established on peripheral blood and bone marrow reports. The myeloid origin confirmation was concerned by cytochemistry, morphological subtyping was concerned according to the (FAB) criteria, biochemical tests, and cluster CDs was done by flowcytometery. Microsoft excel version 2010 and (GraphPad Prism 9.0.) was in employment for carrying out statistical analysis. Results: This study included 18 males and 11 females. Their ages ranged from 5 and 80 years with a mean age of 38.4 years. CD13 and CD33 are most expressed CD markers (75% and 70% respectively). CD22 and TdT lowest expressed CDs (10% and 5% respectively). Depending on the complete remission/Partial remission association, the p-value of platelets was significant (0.0207), CD64 and CD117 showed greater significant (<0.0001, <0.0001 respectively), BM hypercellularity fragments (P=0.0068), trials (P<0.0001), and blast percentage (P=0.0365). Conclusion: CDs and BM results are essential tools in the identification of AML. CD13 and CD33 are the most frequent CDs in this study. Morphologic valuation of BM was statistically significant, cellularity of BM and blast percentage was significantly correlated with post induction response in patients with AML. Keywords: Acute Myeloblastic Leukemia, Immunophenotyping, bone marrow reports, Flow Cytometry and CD Markers
Background: Acute myeloid leukaemia in adult constitutes 80% of whole acute leukaemia cases; its frequency progressively increases with age. Objective: To evaluation the parameters of AML patients clinically and haematologically in Erbil City. Patients and Methods: A particular analysis of hospital records retrospective study of 29 patients with AML was taken on. The cases were analyzed and achieved at Nanakaly hospital in Erbil city during the years 20021-2022. Diagnosis was established on peripheral blood and bone marrow reports. The myeloid origin confirmation was concerned by cytochemistry, morphological subtyping was concerned according to the (FAB) criteria, biochemical tests, and cluster CDs was done by flowcytometery. Microsoft excel version 2010 and (GraphPad Prism 9.0.) was in employment for carrying out statistical analysis. Results: This study included 18 males and 11 females. Their ages ranged from 5 and 80 years with a mean age of 38.4 years. CD13 and CD33 are most expressed CD markers (75% and 70% respectively). CD22 and TdT lowest expressed CDs (10% and 5% respectively). Depending on the complete remission/Partial remission association, the p-value of platelets was significant (0.0207), CD64 and CD117 showed greater significant (<0.0001, <0.0001 respectively), BM hypercellularity fragments (P=0.0068), trials (P<0.0001), and blast percentage (P=0.0365). Conclusion: CDs and BM results are essential tools in the identification of AML. CD13 and CD33 are the most frequent CDs in this study. Morphologic valuation of BM was statistically significant, cellularity of BM and blast percentage was significantly correlated with post induction response in patients with AML.
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