 Fabrication of a reference electrode Ni/Ni(OH)2 from eutectic molten hydroxides.  Eutectic molten hydroxide (NaOH-KOH, 49-51 mol%) at temperature 300 o C was used.  Stability and reusability of electrode covered by mullite and alumina tube. Cyclic voltammetry analyses were carried out to authenticate the results. Stability and reusability of the novel electrode was checked for 9 and 3 days.

An efficient and green energy carrier hydrogen (H2) generation via water splitting reaction has become a major area of focus to meet the demand of clean and sustainable energy sources. In this research, the splitting steam via eutectic molten hydroxide (NaOH-KOH; 49-51 mol%) electrolysis for hydrogen gas production has been electrochemically investigated at 250-300 o C. Three types of reference electrodes such as a high-temperature mullite membrane Ni/Ni(OH)2, quasi-silver and quasi-platinum types were used. The primary purpose of this electrode investigation was to find a suitable, stable, reproducible and reusable reference electrode in a molten hydroxide electrolyte.Cyclic voltammetry was performed to examine the effect on reaction kinetics and stability to control the working electrode at different scan rate and molten salt temperature. The effect of introducing water to the eutectic molten hydroxide via the Ar gas stream was also investigated.When the potential scan rate was changed from 50 to 150 mV s -1 , the reduction current for the platinum wire working electrode was not changed with newly prepared nickel reference electrode that designates its stability and reproducibility. Furthermore, increasing the operating temperature of molten hydroxides from 250 to 300 o C the reduction potential of the prepared nickel reference electrode is slightly positive shifted about 0.02 V. This suggests that it has good stability with temperature variations. The prepared nickel and Pt reference electrode exhibited stable and reliable cyclic voltammetry results with and without the presence of steam in the eutectic molten hydroxide while Ag reference electrode exposed positive shifts of up to 0.1V in the reduction potential. The designed reference electrode had a more stable and effective performance towards controlling the platinum working electrode as compared to the other quasi-reference electrodes. Consequently, splitting steam via molten hydroxides for hydrogen has shown a promising alternative to current technology for hydrogen production that can be used for thermal and electricity generation.

Greenhouse gas emissions and reduction potential of primary aluminum production in China Science in China Series E-Technological Sciences 52, 2161 (2009); Oxidative reforming of methane for hydrogen and synthesis gas production: Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis

No abstract

The present study investigates the synthesis of novel strontium (Sr) and barium (Ba) modified crystalline zeolites including Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 (ZSM-5) and Mordenite (MOR) utilizing a batchwise ion-exchange method with an appropriate chloride solution of 3 N at pH 7.2 and 50 °C. Modified zeolites (Ba-ZSM-5 and Ba-MOR, Sr-ZSM-5 and Sr-MOR) were coated with an inert metal (Pt) by a novel supercritical CO 2 method using PtMe 2 COD as a precursor for n-hexane hydroisomerization in a microreactor unit at different temperatures (250−325 °C), H 2 /HC ratios of 3, 6, and 9, and a pressure of 5 bar. The acidic and physical features of Pt loaded zeolites were systematically characterized using FT-IR, XRD, BET surface area measurements, TGA, and TEM techniques. It is found that the metal loading in scCO 2 results in more uniform and very small metal nanoparticle (1.37 nm) dispersion with high stability after reduction. It is also revealed that high loading pressure in scCO 2 (280−300 bar) results in higher catalytic activity and surface area. The maximum conversion and selectivity of about 80 and 90% were achieved for n-hexane isomerization at 275 °C and a H 2 /HC ratio of 6 for Pt/Sr-ZSM-5 catalyst. Results reported that Pt loaded over all zeolites (H-MOR, Sr-MOR, Ba-MOR, H-ZSM-5, Ba-ZSM-5, and Sr-ZSM-5) by the scCO 2 method showed the minimum production of cracking products (C 1 −C 5 ) and maximum isomeric products including iso-C 6 isomers (2,2-DMB, 2,3-DMB, 2-MP, and 3-MP). Furthermore, the overall results of the rate of reaction revealed that Pt/Sr-ZSM-5 and Pt/Ba-ZSM-5 catalysts showed a better rate of isomerization (46.44%) and conversion (47%) for n-hexane at 300 °C and a H 2 /HC ratio of 9 with a minimum rate of cracking. However, it is concluded that the small, pored size Pt loaded ZSM-5 zeolite showed the highest catalytical activity compared to large pored MOR zeolite making it of great interest for diesel and gasoline formation in the oil refining industry.

No abstract