The technology of change detection is a technique by which changes are verified in a certain time period. Remote sensing images are used to detect changes in agriculture land for the selected study area located south of Baghdad governorate in Agricultural Division of AL-Rasheed district because this method is very effective for assessing change compared to other traditional scanning techniques. In this research two remotely sensed images for the study area were taken by Landsat 8 and Sentinel-2, the difference between them is one month to monitor the change in the winter crops, especially the wheat crop, where the agriculture began for the wheat crop there in the Agricultural Division of AL-Rasheed district at 15/11/2018. The first preprocessing procedure was the extraction of the NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) values for the two scenes of Landsat 8 and the two scenes of Sentinel-2B and then using the change detection between them to compare the changes in agriculture land. Also, change detection was implemented between NIR bands because they are most severely affected by biomass or the amount of available chlorophyll-containing in plant structures. The results of the change detection for Sentinel-2B were more accurate than for the Landsat 8 as demonstrated by field visits for the study area, where the changes in the distribution of vegetal cover (wheat and other winter crops) were clear and accurate in the image of Sentinel-2B, as opposed to Landsat's 8 image, where the variation in vegetation cover was not accurate, especially for the change detection between NIR bands.

Dust storms are a natural phenomenon occurring in most areas of Iraq. In recent years, the study of this phenomenon has become important because of the danger caused by increasing desertification at the expense of the green cover as well as its impact on human health. In this study  is important to devote the remote sensing of dust storms and its detection.Through this research, the dust storms can be detected in semi-arid areas, which are difficult to distinguish between these storms and desert areas. For the distinction between the dust storm pixels in the image with those that do not contain dust storm can be applied the Normalized Difference Dust Index (NDDI) and Brightness Temperature variation (BTV). MODIS sensors that carried by theTerra and Equa satellite images have been used in different bands and different resolution and the cases studied in 1/9/2015,16/6/2016/20/2/2016.

GPS becomes one of the most technical favorite geodesy methods. A major dilemma in GPS survey lies in oval-based elevations, while orthometric heights are commonly used in engineering practice. Converting GPS heights into orthometric heights by applying a precise geode model is therefore necessary. This paper aims to model the local geoid in the using study region (h-H). Compared with many global gravitational models (GGMs) and three of them were selected, namely EGM96, EGM84, and EGM2008. The evaluations of the accuracy of these models and then choose the most accurate and closer to the local geode In the field of work, which is mounted on the campus of the University of Baghdad in the capital of Iraq. Techniques require the use of GGM to represent global differences or long wavelengths of The gravity field of the Earth; the gravitational field of the Earth takes into account much of the direct information about the distributions of mass density in the Earth. It then provides the basis for exploring oil and gas in this respect, and the detection of geodesics forms the basis for exploring minerals. The EGM08 is the closer GGMs to the observed local geodetic dataset, in terms of the difference of geoid undulation that have a maximum of) 0.4011m), a minimum of) 0.3996m), an average of [-0.111256m], and a standard deviation of[ ±0.152859m].

This work is carried out in Al-Manathira Center (which includes Al-Heera sub district, Al-Mishkahab sub district, and Al-Qadisiya sub district) located in Najaf governorate. This study  concern  in  the irrigation and drainage networks and their installations. For this region the study is presented by two stages for standing on important problems for irrigation and drainage projects.  The first stage is to describe the irrigation networks and identify the unemployed parts need repair and which parts need to be replaced, where Arc map GIS version 10.2 can be used to  create geo-database for  the  irrigation and  drainage network, their installations, recorded Regulators and pumps performance. Installations of irrigation and drainage network need maintenance, feature class of Arc map GIS recorded: 5 Regulators,1 Pump station. While the second stage is to describe the drainage networks and determine their efficiency. Finally, the effect of this is on the amount of water leaking, the area of cultivated land and the impact on the quantity of the crops.

No abstract

This study focuses on evaluating the suitability of three interpolation methods in terms of their accuracy at climate data for some provinces of south of Iraq. Two data sets of maximum and minimum temperature in February 2008 from nine meteorological stations located in the south of Iraq using three interpolation methods. ArcGIS is used to produce the spatially distributed temperature data by using IDW, ordinary kriging, and spline. Four statistical methods are applied to analyze the results obtained from three interpolation methods. These methods are RMSE, RMSE as a percentage of the mean, Model efficiency (E) and Bias, which showed that the ordinary krigingis the best for this data from other methods by the results that have been obtained .

With the increments number of population nowadays, one of the most essential problems in rural areas is the number of students in each school which exceed the school capacity. Thus, it is important to increase the number of schools and to determine the suitable location of them. The aim of this study is to determine the most suitable sites for school using Geographic Information System (GIS 10.2) (ModelBildur)in Husseiniya district, Karbala province. Land classification, slope, distance from the single schools, proximity to the inflated schools, work buffer 100 meters around the main roads and railways and removing them from the map, represent the main criteria used to evaluate the location suitability and the most crowded school. Schools with high number of students are calculated and evaluated (above 1000) used point density tool to calculate the largest schools inflated from students. The weighted overlay tool is also employed to weight the criteria. The results demonstrate that the developed GIS 10.2 is successfully able to determine the best school location in Husseiniya district depending on the criteria with high efficiency. The excellent performance of the developed program shows its high efficiency for best locations detection in various applications such as, Popular clinics and police stations.Keywords: school site, geographic information system (GIS), remote sensing, multi criteria analysis, point density, weight overlay. ‫نظم‬ ‫تقنيات‬ ‫باستخدام‬ ‫كربالء‬ ‫بمحافظة‬ ‫الحسينية‬ ‫حي‬ ‫في‬ ‫الريفية‬ ‫لممناطق‬ ‫لمدرسة‬ ‫موقع‬ ‫أفضل‬ ‫أختيار‬ ( ‫افية‬ ‫الجغر‬ ‫المعمومات‬ Model Builder )‫العبيدي‬ ‫ال‬ ‫غز‬ ‫خمف‬ ‫ال‬ ‫نو‬

The atmospheric correction of satellite images is an important first step for different remote sensing applications such as estimation of vegetation indices. In atmospheric corrections, most uncertainties arise from temporal and spatial variations in aerosol types and quantities. Thus, considered validation estimate Aerosol is an essential step in the validation atmospheric correction algorithms. In the current study, two models of atmospheric correction algorithms ATCOR (ATCOR 3 and ATCOR 2) were applied to remove atmospheric effects of test sites in Middle part of Iraq. Statistical results of ATCOR 2 was shown to be successful in the urban parts to remove effective type of aerosol which could be chosen to process satellite images in areas under investigation.