Automatically operated equipment or machines or systems with no or minimal manual intervention is referred to as automation. Automation facilitates in minimizing the requirement of manual labour, bring precision to the production process and save time with several other benefits. Generally, an automation system engages sensory systems, feedback control processes, and automatic actuating devices. Indian economy is highly dependent on agriculture. Automation has been well taken in the country in recent years in several production sectors including agriculture. With changing climate, and decreased availability of resources such as human labour, water, land, etc. in the agriculture sector the realization is to make the various agricultural processes efficient not only in input application but also in timely execution. In this endeavor, attempts have been made to automize the water application process for irrigating different crops. Irrigation is one of the critical input resources in Agriculture which demands its judicious as it also has the demand for drinking for a billion-plus country. Precision agriculture technologies in irrigation water management use sensors and controllers to preciously deliver the right amount of water at right time and maintain the moisture to the optimum level. An automatic irrigation system as compared to manual irrigation can save water and maximize productivity. Irrigation systems such as drip, sprinkler, the surface can be automated with help of timers, sensors or computers, or mechanical appliances. Automation of irrigation enhances water use efficiency and reduces the use of resources energy. This review attempts to highlight concepts of automation, recent developments, and the experiences of researchers while automizing various irrigation modules.
PurposeSchool library is regarded as the heart and soul of the school. It acts as learning resource centre and support the school curriculum in all possible manners. The main aim of this paper is to document the factors associated with library management in selected school libraries in Varanasi, India.Design/methodology/approachSurvey method is used to conduct this research in which close-ended questions were provided to the school librarians. Simple random sampling was used to collect samples from secondary schools of Varanasi.FindingsIt was found that 34% school libraries affiliated to Central Board of Secondary Education are managed properly and they are termed as first class library. Rest of the schools are not managed as per rules and regulations of school librarianship. Some librarians themselves are not properly aware of the significance of the library and hence the management is suffered accordingly.Practical implicationsThis research will help in exploring the existing status of library management in school libraries. The work is designed specifically for school libraries. Simple ranking system for school libraries will be helpful to make an exhaustive school ranking based on library management.Originality/valueThis research will bring on record the ground reality of school librarianship in India and the way they are managed. Simple ranking system for school library is given in this paper that will help to find out which school library is functioning properly or not.
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