WhatsApp is a popular mobile application for providing instant messaging service in smartphones. It uses Internet services to communicate different type of text and multimedia messages between users or groups. Its users worldwide have crossed the figure of one billion in February 2016. The effect of WhatsApp on our lives, culture, and society keeps on increasing. It is also becoming popular tool for marketing in businesses and publicity in politics. This growth has also drawn the attention of researchers to understand the implications and effect of WhatsApp on its user’s social and personal life. We investigated the usage and effect of WhatsApp in the regions of Northern India. We performed an internet based survey using open-source Lime survey software and obtained responses. Total 460 responses had been received in which only 136 responses were considered for analysis those have completed all questions and having more than 18 years of age. The users in India made a slow shift from all social networking sites to WhatsApp in a quick span of time. This survey results show that there is a significant impact of WhatsApp on its users. Around 66% of WhatsApp users believe that WhatsApp has improved their relationship with friends. More than 63% of its users think it is not harmful for them. There are several other analyses presented in this paper based on age-groups and gender of WhatsApp users. This survey analysis may be useful for academicians and researchers for understanding the behavior of WhatsApp users and reflect the possibility of using WhatsApp in education, social services and governance.
There is an increasing need for high density data storage devices driven by the increased demand of consumer electronics. In this work, we consider a data storage system that operates by encoding information as topographic profiles on a polymer medium. A cantilever probe with a sharp tip (few nm radius) is used to create and sense the presence of topographic profiles, resulting in a density of few Tb per in.2 . The prevalent mode of using the cantilever probe is the static mode that is harsh on the probe and the media. In this article, the high quality factor dynamic mode operation, that is less harsh on the media and the probe, is analyzed. The read operation is modeled as a communication channel which incorporates system memory due to inter-symbol interference and the cantilever state.We demonstrate an appropriate level of abstraction of this complex nanoscale system that obviates the need for an involved physical model. Next, a solution to the maximum likelihood sequence detection problem based on the Viterbi algorithm is devised. Experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the performance of this detector is several orders of magnitude better than the performance of other existing schemes.
Abstract-Probe based data storage is a promising solution for satisfying the demand for ultra-high capacity storage devices. One of the main problems with probe storage devices is the wear of tip and media over the lifetime of the device. In this paper we present the dynamic mode operation of the cantilever probe that partially addresses the problems of media/tip wear. A communication system model which incorporates modeling of the cantilever interaction with media is proposed for the system. We demonstrate that by using a controllable canonical state space representation, the entire system can be visualized as a channel with a single input which is the tip-media interaction force. A hypothesis testing formulation for bitby-bit detection is developed. We present three different classes of detectors for this hypothesis test. In particular, we consider two different cases where statistics on the tip-medium interaction are available and not available. Simulation results are presented for all these detectors and their relative merits are explored.
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