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Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been proposed as type III diabetes mellitus (DM). Prognosis and early stage diagnosis of AD is essentially required in diabetic patients to avoid extensive irreversible neuronal damage. Also, simple medication regimes including therapeutics for maintaining glucose levels and simultaneous resistance to neuronal damage are quintessential. In the present study, secretome and hippocampus proteome modulations were investigated for serum-based markers that have correlations with DM-mediated neurological alterations which extend to AD. Concurrently, the therapeutic effect of hesperidin on DM and DM-mediated neurodegeneration was investigated. Twenty one male Wistar rats were separated into three groups, namely, healthy control, diabetic (65 mg kg À1 STZ i.p., single) and diabetic administered with hesperidin (STZ i.p. + 50 mg kg À1 hesperidin orally, for four weeks).Secretome and hippocampus proteome profiling was accomplished by two dimensional electrophoresis, and proteins showing differential expression were characterized by MALDI-TOF MS PMF and validated by relative expression analysis. APO A-IV and secretory AGK were found to have prognostic and/or diagnostic potential in detecting the early stage of DM-associated AD. A novel protein, 'WajidSaima_Diabetes protein' (WSDP), was found to have a probable role in neural homeostasis. The therapeutic potential of hesperidin in DM and DM-mediated neuronal fluctuations has successfully been determined through proteomic resolution. Our study emphasizes the DM-mediated neuronal fluctuations that expedite AD.

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Aim:We aimed to study host range, stability, genome and antibiofilm activity of a novel phage vB_EcoA_RDN8.1 active against multi-drug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) biofilm-forming uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Methods and Results: A novel lytic phage vB_EcoA_RDN8.1 active against UPEC strains resistant to third-generation cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, imipenem, beta-lactamase inhibitor combination and polymyxins was isolated from community raw sewage water of Chandigarh. It exhibited a clear plaque morphology and a burst size of 250. In the time-kill assay, the maximum amount of killing was achieved at MOI 1.0. vB_EcoA_RDN8.1 belongs to the family Autographiviridae, has a genome size of 39.5 kb with a GC content of 51.6%. It was stable over a wide range of temperatures and pH. It was able to inhibit biofilm formation which may be related to an endolysin encoded by ORF 19. Conclusions: The vB_EcoA_RDN8.1 is a novel lytic phage that has the potential for inclusion into phage cocktails being developed for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) caused by highly drug-resistant UPEC. Significance and Impact of the Study: We provide a detailed characterization of a novel lytic Escherichia phage with antibiofilm activity having a potential application against MDR and XDR UPEC causing UTIs.

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Lung cancer is one of the most common malignant neoplasms all over the world. Smoking and a number of constituents of tobacco are responsible for development of lung tumours; however, the deleterious effects of tobacco-derived carcinogen, nitrosamine 4-(methylnitrosoamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone (NNK)) remain unmatched. We report the development of a novel rodent model by administering multiple doses of NNK to male Wistar rats and feeding them with high-fat and low-protein diet. Tumour cells in lungs were observed in approximately 98 % rats after 8 months of NNK treatment, as evident by histopathological analysis. This rodent model showed slow progression of lung tumours which has helped us to assess early indicators of oxidative damage in lungs by studying the levels of lipid peroxidation and antioxidant parameters. LPO was elevated by 46.94 %, SOD, CAT, GSH and GR activity was decreased by 48.67 %, 22.04 %, 21.46 % and 20.85 %, respectively in serum of NNK treated rats when compared with control. These findings suggest that increased oxidative stress can represent a risk factor for the development of chronic disease in early future. This new animal model is an attempt to greatly facilitate studies of the pathophysiology, biochemistry and therapy of lung cancer.

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The Escherichia phage PGN829.1 was isolated from sewage of a tertiary care referral hospital in North India. It lyses multiple strains of highly drug-resistant uropathogenic E. coli.