Purpose of the Study: The present research investigates the use of English codeswitching about the social factors which influence the use of English in the Pashto language. First, the focus of the study lies on the social factors e.g., style, interlocutors, topic, social distance, social status, and identity, etc., and their influence on English codeswitching in the Pashto language. Methodology of the study: The data was collected with the help of a questionnaire consist of 13th statements. The data collected were further analyzed with the help of quantitative and qualitative methods employing descriptive analysis, SPSS 15, and the percentage method. Main Findings: The dominant pattern of codeswitching was insertion with nouns the most frequent codeswitching item. The study indicates that education is the key factor that influences English codeswitching and it also shows that Pashto is the dominant language of communication and is used as a symbol of solidarity and social marker in the Pashto speech community. Application of the study: The researcher can extend this study of codeswitching to a different contact setting such Pashto-Urdu and Pashto-Punjabi. The density of bilingualism is expected to give different types of codeswitching patterns. Novelty/Originality of this study: This study is the pioneer study that focused on the effect of social factors on the selection of language in bilingual settings.
This study is an attempt to shed some light on the distinctive discursive practices of the Hijra (eunuch or hermaphrodite) communities located mostly if not all in the suburb of Lahore. These discursive practices serve as a source to construct and reflect their androgynous gender on different levels of their social discourse, ultimately helps us to identify how they understand reality around them, construct their identities and negotiate their roles as Hijras. A sample comprised 25 members of the hijra communities was selected to investigate what kind of discursive practices they carry out in their everyday interaction within their communities. The data was elicited through interviews and observations of the target communities. The results show that their unique discursive practices, in many ways different from cis genders are characteristics of their hijra world. They prefer to use highly contextual masculine and feminine pronouns as gender is not a fixed category for hijras and they assume masculine and feminine characters according to the masculine or feminine roles assigned to them in their groups.
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