Acute otitis media significantly reduces the quality of life of both child and parents, causes substantial use of medical services and significant loss of workdays.
BackgroundPublic concern about exposure to emissions from the regional industrial park (IP), including 17 chemical plants and the national industrial toxic waste site, initiated this study of the possible association between major congenital malformations (MCM) and residence near the IP in Israel's Southern District.MethodsThe study was conducted during the period 1995–2000 and included 63,850 deliveries. Data on deliveries and MCM detected at births were obtained from the regional medical center, and stratified by ethnicity and type of locality. As exposure indicator we used distance categories (proximal and distant) and predominant wind direction from the IP. Distance stratification was based on the geographical distribution of the localities and complaints about the odor related to IP emissions. Based on these complaints, localities up to 20 km from the IP were considered proximal to the IP.ResultsAverage rates of MCM were 5.0% and 4.1% for Bedouin and Jewish newborns, respectively. The rate of MCM for Bedouin from proximal localities was significantly greater compared with distant localities (5.6% vs. 4.8%; RR = 1.17 with 95% CI: 1.04–1.29). In the proximal Bedouin permanent localities, the MCM rate reached 8.2 %, which was significantly higher than in distant areas (RR = 1.63, 95% CI: 1.39–1.80). Significant risk increase of central nervous system MCM was found in these localities, compared to distant ones (RR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.44–3.60). Among newborns from the traditional tribal settlements, proximity to the IP was associated with increased rates of the following MCM: 1) all combined, 2) those associated with chromosomal abnormalities, and 3) those defined as "others unclassified MCM." Comparison of autosomal recessive disease rates by proximity to the IP in Bedouin newborns indicates that the observed increased risk of MCM is not explained by consanguineous marriages. The rates of MCM in the Jewish population were similar among "exposed" and "unexposed" inhabitants.ConclusionResidential proximity to the IP is associated with increased rates of MCM among Arab-Beduin but not in Jewish populations. These observations indicate the need for public health protection of a vulnerable society in transition, although the relative importance of chemical exposure and health care utilization requires further study.
The article is devoted to the analysis of the dynamics of the number of artisans, the definition of their representation among the urban population of the Tula province in the second half of the XIX – early XX century. on the basis of statistical and record-keeping sources using quantitative and qualitative data analysis, historical-genetic and historical-system methods. The tendencies of development of provincial craft in the conditions of modernization processes and government policy are shown. The contradictory essence of the shop system, on the one hand supporting the members of the craft corporation and at the same time limiting the process of expansion of the layer of entrepreneurs, is considered. The branching of the spectrum of handicraft specialties and the emergence of new ones in the post-reform period testified to the increase in the household needs of citizens, the production of everyday goods. In the cities of Tula province, the craft was engaged in the first half of the XIX century 1–4 % of citizens, by the beginning of the XX century. – already 7–10 %, during the First World War – more (this situation was due to the fact that the craft was engaged in many citizens to support the family). It is established that more citizens were employed in the craft than in a few industrial enterprises. The authors concluded that the slow increase in the urban population and with small fluctuations in the increase of artisans while maintaining the guild and craft corporation, competition from industrial enterprises gave a certain stability to the local commodity market. Small-scale handicraft production focused on meeting local needs, the expansion of specializations contributed to the "accumulation" of the urban lifestyle, the development of urbanization.
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