Many domestic and foreign observers have claimed that Russians have a unique constellation of personality traits that mirrors their distinctive historical and cultural experience. To examine the hypothesized uniqueness of Russian personality, members of the Russian Character and Personality Survey collected data from 39 samples in 33 administrative areas of the Russian Federation. Respondents ( N = 7,065) identified an ethnically Russian adult or college-aged man or woman whom they knew well and rated the target using the Russian observer-rating version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory. The mean personality profile of Russians was very similar to the international average based on 50 different countries, debunking the myth of a unique Russian soul.The small variations from world norms did not converge with depictions of Russian national character in fiction and the scholarly literature. New items intended to capture distinctive, emic aspects of Russian personality provided no new information beyond the familiar Big Five dimensions. Religion, ethnicity, and beliefs about the uniqueness of the Russian character and the malleability of personality traits had little effect on personality ratings. Perceptions of the Russian soul do not seem to be based on the personality traits of Russians.
The world of today, and Russia in particular, encounters the transformation of maternity: its essence and status of a universal value are being lost. Therefore, the basic aim of the article is to go back to roots by discovering theoretical basis for sociocultural essence of maternity in different periods of Russian social history in order to understand the reasons of these changes, reveal the present status of maternity and its meaning in modern Russia. The research is based upon cultural-historic approach which is aimed to reveal sociocultural determinants of human existence. The author shows that motherhood as a social and cultural phenomenon contains the genesis of the Russian culture, its socio-historical, moral and family experience. As a measure of the Russian society civility and maturity at each stage of social development social and cultural meanings of motherhood, influencing the consciousness and behavior of its subjects, determine the depth of assimilation, acceptance or rejection of motherhood as an independent value. The materials presented in the article may be used in higher educational establishments for the realization of professionally-oriented curricula in Pedagogical Psychology and Sociocultural Studies; including in-service courses for specialists whose professional activity is closely connected with family, maternity and child maintenance.
Relevance of the research: A serious reformation in modern education in the Russian Federation is being held nowadays: new educational and professional standards are implemented. This leads to necessity of serious changes on the level of realization of professional activity by pedagogical staff. Goal of the research: discovering the specifics of professional self-realization of pedagogical staff, determining psychological resources, providing different levels of its formation. Methods of research: a constantan psychological pedagogical experiment, a method of mathematics statistics: t-criterion by Student -for processing numeric results of the research. Results of the research: Some common peculiarities of selfrealization of pedagogical staff disregarding their working experience and specialization were discovered. To put it in detail: medium level of social corporate settings, high externality, low level of socio-centric motivation, formed destructive behaviour as a sign of professional burnout etc. Apart from this, differences in level of professional self-realization depending on professional direction of the specialists (preschool teacher, educational psychologist) were determined. For most preschool teachers nonproductive self-realization is indicative, but for most educational psychologists productive one is indicative. Meaning of the research: The research allowed to discover, firstly, an urgent necessity of actualization of integrative mechanisms in working activity of pedagogical staff in pre-school educational institutions (PEI) and to decrease confrontation between different categories of specialists and improving their cooperative interaction and consolidation. Secondly, the research conditioned the necessity of decreasing a tendency pedagogical staff inner antagonism to objective changes in modern educational system of the Russian Federation (RF).
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