The paper attempts to investigate the driving and restricting forces of ecoinnovations. We determined the most important barriers to eco-innovation that can be classified mainly in three groups such as: external, internal, and international factors. The major barriers to the development of -innovative activity have been identified as the lack of funds within the enterprises, lack of external financing, uncertain demand at the market, uncertain return from investment, unhelpful regulations, lack of knowledge and experience. It is determined that in Ukraine the corruption of public officials has one the most restricting impacts on eco-innovative activities of enterprises. The study shows that eco-innovative activities of firms of all sizes are growing but large enterprises are the most eco-innovative ones. The Eco-innovation Index for Ukraine was calculated; it shows that Ukraine has the lowest position of eco-innovative efficiency in comparison with Germany and Poland. But despite the different levels of eco-innovativeness in Ukraine and the EU Members (using the example of Poland and Germany), the main barriers and drivers to eco-innovation are roughly the same in all of these countries. Based on the interview surveys we found that the most important drivers of eco-innovative activity in Ukraine are the following: existing as well as the reduction in operating costs on energy, water and materials.
The paper discusses the relationship between the cross-border labour mobility and diffusion of ecoinnovative technologies. Based on the interview surveys the authors found the main directions of circle impact of cross-border cooperation, eco-innovation and open labour markets. The analysis also showed the most important restrictions fordiffusion of eco-innovations in Ukraine and their effect on cross-border labour mobility.
The study attempts to investigate Polish practices to support the eco-innovation in agriculture that ensure the sustainable development of the sector. The specificities and barriers to eco-innovative activities of agricultural enterprises were defined. The paper focuses on the analysis of the supporting mechanism of eco-innovation in Polish agriculture both on national and EU’s levels. Using the factor and SWOT analyses, the author determines the effectiveness, opportunities and challenges of Polish support of agri-ecological innovation. The relationships between the eco-innovative indicators and the level of support for farmers are also shown.
W artykule podjęto próbę ocenienia zmiany warunków prowadzenia handlu produktami rolno-spożywczymi UE z Ukrainą po wejściu w życie umowy o SWH. Odnotowano wyraźny wzrost oszczędności ukraińskich eksporterów wskutek zniesienia barier handlowych. Analizowano intensywność handlu produktami rolno-spożywczymi między Ukrainą, Polską i UE wykorzystując wskaźnik Grubela-Lloyda. Ustalono, że większa część wymiany w sektorze rolno-spożywczym pomiędzy Ukrainą a UE odbywa się w ramach handlu wewnątrzbranżowego, a w poszczególnych grupach produktów istnieje tendencja do wzrostu intensywności handlu wewnątrzbranżowego, szczególnie w handlu pomiędzy Ukrainą i Polską. Na podstawie wyników przeprowadzonych obliczeń wskaźnika ujawnionych przewag komparatywnych według grup towarów SITC 0-1 ujawniono przewagi komparatywne w wymianie handlowej produktami rolno-spożywczymi zarówno Ukrainy z Polską i UE, jak Polski z Ukrainą i UE.
The paper attempts to investigate the current state of Ukraine’s food security according to some indicators used in the world practice. It is determined that Ukraine has a level below the average in the global rating of food security. Therefore, this indicator is deteriorating annually, and in the global dimension may be rated rather unsatisfactory. The availability of problems in the food supply of the population of Ukraine in view of the growing threats in the agri-food sector is emphasized. The author analyzed Ukraine’s position in the world rankings by the indicators of quality, adequacy and availability of food and its share of food commodity dependence. It is determined that Ukraine does not lag behind the EU average by the criterion of food sufficiency, although it has the lower position in comparison with the developed countries of Western Europe. However, in terms of adequacy consumption, there is an insufficiency in almost all product groups, as well as an imbalance of nutrition of the population, which does not provide the necessary threshold criteria for a proper daily average diet. It is emphasized that according to the criterion of availability of food Ukraine does not reach the critical value of 60 % of expenditures from the average household budget and belongs to the countries with income below the average level. However, the population of the country cannot afford to consume vital food at a sufficient vital level, which adversely affects the food security of the state. We argued that although Ukraine was a significant exporter of agri-food products to the world market and although exports of these products have been increasing every year, our country belongs to the group of countries with high dependence on commodity imports and low level of commodity exports, which definitely needs to review the priorities of foreign trade policy of agricultural products. It is concluded that in context of the negative structure of domestic agri-food exports, it is necessary to switch to new effective methods of managing the threats to food security of the state and to define a comprehensive mechanism for the implementation of food security of Ukraine through well-considered agricultural, foreign trade, investment, and ecological. Key words: food security; global food security; food sufficiency; food availability; agricultural food exports.
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