The paper investigates whether self-report and performance measures of executive control yield comparable results. We report an empirical study in which the answers to a self-report questionnaire on executive control were compared with the results of three computerized tests of cognitive control. Both the questionnaire and the computerized tests covered three dimensions of executive control, namely, prepotent response inhibition, task switching, and goal monitoring (goal maintenance). The results are rather surprising and negative: The relationships between performance and self-report measures of executive control were either weak or insignificant. Moreover, they tended to disappear when age of participants was controlled. We conclude that people are basically unable to assess the strength of their own cognitive control. However, the two types of assessment tool might analyze different aspects of individual differences in executive control and should therefore be considered in research and practical applications.
Celem pracy była ocena spożycia podstawowych składników odżywczych oraz wybranych witamin z grupy B przez osoby starsze z powiatu częstochowskiego, na podstawie badań pilotażowych. Badaniem pilotażowym objęto 20 osób powyżej 65. roku życia. Do oceny sposobu żywienia zastosowano jednorazowo metodę 24-godzinnego wywiadu żywieniowego oraz analizę ilościową. Dieta kobiet i mężczyzn była uboga w białko (83 i 84 % realizacji normy) i węglowodany (87 i 89 % realizacji normy). Kobiety spożywały prawidłowe ilości kwasów tłuszczowych n-3 (96 % realizacji normy) i cholesterolu (102 % realizacji normy), mężczyźni spożywali odpowiednie ilości energii, kwasów tłuszczowych jednonienasyconych (95 i 93 % realizacji normy). Obie grupy spożywały zbyt dużo kwasów tłuszczowych nasyconych (realizacja normy: kobiety – 128 %, mężczyźni – 201 %), a mężczyźni dodatkowo deklarowali duże spożycie kwasów tłuszczowych ogółem i cholesterolu (116 i 201 % realizacji normy). Stwierdzono prawidłowe spożycie tiaminy (B1) przez kobiety i mężczyzn, odpowiednio na poziomie 92 i 98 % realizacji normy. W przypadku pozostałych witamin – ryboflawiny (B2), niacyny (B3) i pirydoksyny (B6) odnotowano ich nadmierne spożycie. Wykazane błędy żywieniowe o charakterze ilościowym wskazują na nieprawidłowości w odżywianiu się badanej grupy seniorów, dlatego posłużą do zaplanowania i zrealizowania badań na reprezentatywnej grupie osób starszych, aby można było w pełni ocenić stan odżywienia tej populacji. Konieczna jest także edukacja żywieniowa seniorów oraz ich opiekunów.
Introduction. Marfan syndrome is a hereditary connective tissue disorder caused by impaired synthesis of a fibrillin protein. This results in a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations, in particular cardiovascular, skeletal and ocular features. Marfanoid phenotype is defined as manifesting some features of Marfan syndrome, but not fulfilling the criteria of the diagnosis. Abnormal synthesis of the fibrillin is the reason of impairment of elastic fibers. This effects in increasing arterial stiffness, which can be characterized by pulse wave velocity (PWV) and augmentation index (AI). Material and methods. Study included 72 patients suspected of Marfan syndrome. On the basis of modified Ghent criteria they were divided into two groups: 37 patients were diagnosed with Marfan syndrome and 35 patients were classified as marfanoid phenotype. Research included also 36 healthy controls. PWV and AI values were obtained by applanation tonometry method. Results. Mean PWV is higher in Marfan syndrome rather than marfanoid phenotype and healthy controls. The lowest mean value of PWV was found among patients with marfanoid phenotype. The highest mean AI value was presented in Marfan syndrome. The lowest mean AI was obtained in a group with marfanoid phenotype. Conclusions. Patients with Marfan syndrome are presenting higher values of PWV and AI than patients with marfanoid phenotype or healthy controls. The lowest values of PWV and AI were obtained among patients with marfanoid phenotype. Patients like these are taller than the others, however, their arterial walls most likely have correct structure, which causes beneficial hemodynamic conditions.
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