O artigo investiga quais características escolares estão associadas ao aumento do desempenho médio das escolas medido por meio dos testes de Matemática, da 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental, pelo SAEB 2001. Investiga, especificamente, características escolares promotoras de eficácia escolar e de eqüidade intra-escolar, e identifica e avalia o efeito sobre a eqüidade de características escolares associadas, simultaneamente, à eficácia escolar e ao aumento das desigualdades dentro das unidades escolares.
This paper analyzes the construction of the social assistance policy at the federal level in Brazil over the last two decades. It focuses on the Federal Constitution of 1988 and subsequent infra-constitutional legislation, especially that enacted during the Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC) and Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (Lula) administrations, which showed very different conceptions of social policy. For both administrations, we analyze the consequences of the institutional changes and legal framework introduced as well as the social policy ideas that informed them.It is argued that the construction of social assistance in Brazil demanded much more than the constitutional provisions enacted in 1988. It included the entire set of subsequent constitutional legislation, a process in which the ruling party played a critical role. Categories of neo-institutionalism and the method of process tracing, plus in-depth interviews with relevant actors, were employed. Our findings point to the impact of the interaction between institutional structures, like constitutions and policy legacies, and the political projects of governing parties. Constitutional provisions, even if not bound to a policy, can prevent setbacks and anchor the action of pressure groups. They can also allow progressive administration to change the status quo.
INTRODUÇÃO
Por que alguns países redistribuem mais do que outros? E, internamente, por que alguns estados redistribuem mais do que outros? Em recente trabalho, Iversen e Soskice (2006) analisam por que alguns governos democráticos são mais propensos à redistribuição de renda do que outros. Os autores mostram que sistemas eleitorais exercem um papel importante porque formatam a natureza dos partidos políticos e a composição das coalizões governamentais, e as características desse sistema político-partidário impactam na redistribuição de riquezas. Para justificar a necessidade de seu estudo os autores começam por mostrar a variância entre as taxas de redução da pobreza e da desigualdade entre alguns países democráticos no período analisado. Para a elaboração deste trabalho, tal como os autores citados, retiro minhas
The article analyzes the transformative capacity of the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS) in shaping structural change in Brazilian municipalities. The study is based on the concepts of organizational and institutional learning, on a combination of analytical categories of the institutional and neo-institutional approaches and on traditional means of government control. As for methodology, this study used process tracing, in-depth interviews, and documentary analysis of regulations, decrees, and resolutions that create direct and indirect incentives to induce agreements and cooperation of municipalities with the Ministry. We identified two important causal mechanisms: a) organizational and institutional learning processes; and b) inter-federative cooperation that, combined, generated significant changes in municipal bureaucratic capacity. The findings show the importance of the Union’s transformative capacity in the process of public policy decentralization in Brazil.
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