To determine Salmonella spp. prevalence/seroprevalence, antimicrobial resistance patterns and risk factor identification associated with its presence in Colombian swine farms. 504 samples (Faeces, swabs and environment samples) were obtained from 21 farms distributed in four geographical regions in Colombia. Salmonella spp. microbiological and molecular detection were determined by two Salmonella spp. MDS3M™ and MALDI-TOF MS assays, respectively. In addition, for serological evaluation 231 serum samples were analyzed employing ELISA Salmonella Pigtype®-Salmonella Ab (QUIAGEN®). Additionally, 41 isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using broth microdilution technique (Panel B1016-180 Beckman Coulter NC72®) and verified with WHONET 2016 software. Risk factors were assessed from a survey and analyzed for statistical significance by U Mann-Whitney test. An 8.9% prevalence (n=45) and 38.1% (n=88) seroprevalence were determined. All isolates presented 100% antimicrobial susceptibility against amikacin. However, resistance against penicillin, tetracycline, cefuroxime and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole was present in more than 50% of evaluated strains. Risk factors associated with Salmonella spp. presence were surface water use, rough-surfaced on floors, presence of hoppers as feeders and worker’s boots. Bacteria were present in animals and environmental samples from evaluated farms. Animal contact and/or exposure with the microorganism were also evident in obtained serological response. Bacteria presence depended on management practices and infrastructure, likewise antibiotic use, supplemented in the diet may have induced an increase in Salmonella spp. antimicrobial resistance.
Descripción: los trastornos del desarrollo sexual (DSD, disorders of sex development) son condiciones congénitas que se caracterizan por la discordancia entre la apariencia externa (masculinidad o feminidad) y la constitución cromosómica o sexo gonadal. Estas manifestaciones están relacionadas con alteraciones a nivel del desarrollo gonadal y del tracto urinario-genital e incluso del sistema reproductivo-endocrino. Dentro de las causas de estas se encuentran las genéticas, las cuales son provocadas por anomalías cromosómicas, en particular de los cromosomas sexuales, o por alteración de genes involucrados con el desarrollo embrionario de los órganos sexuales; como también, anomalías que generen la interrupción de la síntesis de hormonas específicas. Relevancia: en el grupo de trastornos del desarrollo sexual ligado a alteraciones en el número de cromosomas se encuentran el síndrome de Klinefelter (47,XXY) (SK) y el síndrome de Turner (45,X) (ST). Reportes en la literatura mencionan que las aneuploidias de los cromosomas sexuales impactan directamente en los genes, factores transcripcionales y mecanismos epigenéticos que afectan la expresión génica. Conclusiones: en la literatura, son escasos los estudios moleculares comparativos entre pacientes con síndrome de Turner (ST) o Klinefelter (SK), siendo estos fundamentales para comprender los procesos génicos que están relacionados con el desarrollo de las patologías de estos pacientes, y así contribuir al mejoramiento del diagnóstico, tratamiento y asesoría médica del paciente con ST ó SK, impactando directamente en la calidad de vida de estos. En este artículo se presenta una revisión bibliográfica actualizada de los trastornos del desarrollo sexual asociados a los cromosomas sexuales, específicamente del ST y SK.
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